Multiparty Mediation in Cyprus in 1963–1965
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
A consensus of opinion has emerged in mediation literature which places multiparty mediation as the ‘key’ to successful mediation. In principle, multiparty mediation combines facilitation strategies as practiced by neutral actors, with the more directive and intrusive strategies played by powerful States capable of exerting pressure on local stakeholders reluctant to reach a peace settlement. This article aims to demonstrate that the mediation initiatives conducted in Cyprus in 1963–1965 by the United States of America and the United Nations had an ideal multiparty potential that was not recognised and was, indeed, rebuffed by these actors. In conclusion, this study infers that multiparty mediation might have substantially benefited the peace process had the United States of America united its capacity to leverage all parties to align with the United Nations’ willingness to facilitate a settlement locally.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
conflict, mediation, multiparty mediation, Cyprus, Greece, Turkey, United States of America (USA), United Nations (UN)
Ball, G.W. (1982) ‘Cyprus’, in The Past Has Another Pattern. New York: Norton, pp. 337–359. Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus (1960).
Plaza, G. (1965) ‘Report of the United Nations Mediator on Cyprus to the Secretary-General’, s/6253, 26 May.
United Nations Secretary General (2003) ‘Report of the Secretary-General on his Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus’, Report s/2003/398, 1 April.
United Nations Security Council (1964) ‘Resolution 186’, 4 March.
Azar, E. (1990) The Management of Protracted Social Conflict: Theory & Cases. Aldershot: Dartmouth.
Beardsley, K., Quinn, D.M., Biswas, B. and Wilkenfeld, J. (2006) ‘Mediation Style and Crisis Outcomes’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 1, No. 50, pp. 58–86.
Bercovitch, J. and Gartner, S.S. (2009) ‘Is There a Method in the Madness of Mediation?’, in Bercovitch, J. and Gartner, S.S. (eds), International Conflict Mediation: New Approaches and Findings. New York: Routledge, pp. 19–42.
Bercovitch, J. and Lee, S-M. (2001) ‘Mediating International Conflicts: Examining the Effectiveness of Directive Strategies’, The International Journal of Peace Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1–17.
Brinkley, D. (1988) ‘The Cyprus Question: Dean Acheson as Mediator’, Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora, Vol. 15, No. 3/4, pp. 5–18.
Carment, D., Samy, Y. and El Achkar, S. (2009) ‘Protracted Conflict and Crisis Mediation’, in Bercovitch, J. and Gartner, S.S. (eds), International Conflict Mediation: New Approaches and Findings. New York: Routledge, pp. 216–239.
Coufoudakis, V. (1974) ‘Cyprus – July 1974; or Acheson’s Failure, Kissinger’s Success’, Hellenic American Society, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 35–42. New York: Pella Publishing.
Crawford, T.W. (2003) Pivotal Deterrence: Third-Party Statecraft and the Pursuit of Peace. New York: Cornell University Press.
Crocker, C.A., Hampson, F.O. and Aall, P. (eds) (1999) Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace.
Fisher, R.J. (2001) ‘Cyprus: The Failure of Mediation and the Escalation of an Identity-Based Conflict to an Adversarial Impasse’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 3, No. 38, pp. 307–326.
Fisher, R.J. and Keashley, L. (1991) ‘The Potential Complementarity of Mediation and Consultation within a Contingency Model of Third Party Intervention’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 1, No. 28, pp. 29–42.
Frazier, D.V. and Dixon, W.J. (2009) ‘Third Party Intermediaries and Negotiated Settlements, 1946–2000’, in Bercovitch, J. and Gartner, S.S. (eds), International Conflict Mediation: New Approaches and Findings. New York: Routledge, pp. 43–66.
Güney, A. (2004) ‘The USA’s Role in Mediating the Cyprus Conflict: A Story of Success or Failure?’, Security Dialogue, Vol. 1, No. 35, pp. 27–42.
Haxia, Q. (2007) ‘A Comparison of the Effectiveness of International Conflict Mediation Strategies’, Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 589–622.
James, A. (2002) Keeping the Peace in the Cyprus Crisis of 1963–64. London: Palgrave.
Ker-Lindsay, J. (1997) ‘The Origins of the United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP): International Politics on the Road to United Nations Security Council Resolution 186 (1964)’. PhD Thesis, University of Kent.
Ker-Lindsay, J. (2005) From U-Thant to Kofi Annan: UN Peacemaking in Cyprus, 1964–2004. South East European Studies at Oxford (SEESOX) occasional paper series, 5/05. St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, pp. 1–30. Available at [http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/ seesox/occasionalpapers/kerlindsay2005.pdf], accessed on 25 February 2011.
Terris, L.G. and Maoz, Z. (2005) ‘Rational Mediation: A Theory and a Test’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 563–593.
Masunungure, E.V. and Badza, S. (2010) ‘The Internationalization of the Zimbabwe Crisis: Multiple Actors, Competing Interests’, Journal of Developing Societies, Vol. 2, No. 26, pp. 207–231.
Nicolet, C. (2010) ‘The Development of US Plans for the Resolution of the Cyprus Conflict in 1964: “The Limits of American Power”’, Cold War History, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 95–126.
Quinn, D., Wilkenfeld, J., Smarik, K. and Asal, V. (2009) ‘Power Play: Mediation in Symmetric and Asymmetric International Crises’, in Bercovitch, J. and Gartner, S.S. (eds), International Conflict Mediation: New Approaches and Findings. New York: Routledge, pp. 187–215.
Reddaway, J. (1986) ‘Cyprus – The British Connection’, International Relations, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 528–556.
Richmond, O.P. (1998a) ‘Devious Objectives and the Disputants’ View of International Mediation: A Theoretical Framework’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 6, No. 35, pp. 707–722.
Richmond, O.P. (1998b) Mediating in Cyprus: The Cypriot Communities and the United Nations. London: Frank Cass Publishers.
Savun, B. (2009) ‘Mediator Types and the Effectiveness of Information–Provision Strategies in the Resolution of International Conflict’, in Bercovitch, J. and Gartner, S.S. (eds), International Conflict Mediation: New Approaches and Findings. New York: Routledge, pp. 96-114.
Savvides, P.K. (1998) ‘US Foreign Policy towards Cyprus: Is the “Theory of Continuity” Still Relevant?’, Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 31–59. New York: Pella Publishing.
Smith, J.D. (1994) ‘Mediator Impartiality: Banishing the Chimera’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 4, No. 31, pp. 445–450.
Zartman, I.W. and Touval, S. (1996) ‘International Mediation in the Post-Cold War Era’, in Crooker, C.A. and Hampson, F.O. with Aall, P. (eds), Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, pp. 445–461.
Copyright: © University of Nicosia, Cyprus
All rights reserved.
No restrictions on photo-copying.
Quotations from The Cyprus Review are welcome, but acknowledgement of the source must be given.