What is Europe?
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Abstract
Never before has Europe been so present in public debate. From 2009 onwards, not a month has gone by without new twists in the melodramatic rifts and reconciliations between EU governments and institutions. As the region dips further into recession and social desperation, the showdown between supporters and opponents of austerity renders the macro-economic dispute the central issue, leaving the future of Europe and its people woefully unclear. But exactly what is ‘Europe’? The concept is difficult to grasp, as ‘Europe’ is both multifaceted and unstable. In a bid to break open the ‘black box’ this article proposes to set aside the events to focus on the crisis behind the events. To engage in such a discussion, one must decipher the deceptively simple question of what Europe is. Which are the forces and the principles, from post-war to the euro crisis, which animate this politico-institutional process?
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Keywords
European integrtion, supra-national institutional transformation, state, ortholiberalism, neoliberalism, internationalisation of capital, financial capitalism, austerity measures, class struggle
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Lapavitsas, C. (2012) Crisis in the Eurozone. London: Verso.
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Lapavitsas, C. (2013) ‘The Eurozone Crisis through the Prism of World Money’, in Wolfson, M. and Epstein, G.A. (eds), The Handbook of the Political Economy of Financial Crises. USA: Oxford University Press, pp. 378–394.
Lenin (2002) ‘Du mot d’ordre des États-Unis d’Europe’ [The Slogan of the United States of Europe], Social-Démocrate, No. 44 (23 August 1915). Works–XXI (August 1914–December 1915) No. 73. Available at: [http://www.marxists.org/francais/lenin/works/1915/08/vil191 50823.htm], accessed on 29 March 2014.
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McNamara, K. (2008) ‘A Rivalry in the Making? The Euro and International Monetary Power’, Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 439–459.
Morin, F. and Rigamonti, É. (2002/5) ‘Évolution et Structure de l’Actionnariat en France’ [Evolution and Structure of Ownership in France], Revue Française de Gestion, No. 141, pp. 155–181.
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Panitch, L. and Gindins, S. (2012) The Making of Global Capitalism. London/New York: Verso.
Nölke, A. and Vliegenthart, A. (2009) ‘Enlarging the Varieties of Capitalism: The Emergence of Dependent Market Economies in East Central Europe’, World Politics, Vol. 61, No. 04 (October), p. 670.
Parsons, C. (2006) A Certain Idea of Europe. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Poulantzas, N. (1973) ‘L’internationalisation des rapports capitalistes et l’État-Nation’ [Internationalisation of Capitalist Relations and the Nation-State], Les Temps Modernes, No. 319 (February).
Ramaux, C. (2012) L’État Social. Pour Sortir du Chaos Néolibéral [The Social State. Out of Neoliberal Chaos]. Paris: Mille et une nuits.
Ryner, M. (2012) ‘Financial Crisis, Orthodoxy and the Production of Knowledge about the EU’, Millenium, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 651–653.
Sapir, J. (2012) ‘Pour l’Euro, l’Heure du Bilan a Sonné. Quinze Leçons et Six Conclusions’ [For the Euro, the Time of Reckoning has Come. Fifteen Lessons and Six Conclusions], 18 June 2012. Available at: [http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/FMSH-WP/halshs-00710375], accessed on 29 March 2014.
Sapir, J. (2012) ‘Mythes et Préjugés Entourant la Création et l’Existence de la Monnaie Unique’ [Myths and Misconceptions Surrounding the Creation and Existence of the Single Currency], Centre d’études des modes d’industrialisation (CEMI), EHESS, 14 September 2012. Available at: [http://f.hypotheses.org/
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“What Is Europe?”. 2017. Cyprus Review 26 (1): 37-62. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/76.