The Proliferation of Cypriot States of Exception: The Erosion of Fundamental Rights as Collateral Damage of the Cyprus Problem
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Published
Mar 19, 2019
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Abstract
This paper argues that, despite some promising signs in the early 2000s that the ‘Cypriot states of exception’ might be superseded with a rights-based normality via the resolution of the Cyprus Problem together with accession to the EU, we instead have witnessed a proliferation of regimes of exception and derogation of rights. After discussing the diminishing potential for solving the Cyprus Problem and the faltering EU integration process as a rights-based democratic space, the paper focuses on developments within the Republic of Cyprus. It demonstrates that, despite some welcome developments in the institutional frame as a result of acceding to the EU as well as implementing the Charter of Fundamental Rights, there are two tiers of problems the Republic of Cyprus faces. It is plagued by a triple crisis undermining fundamental rights in the Union and its members: securitisation, particularly after 9/11 and recent terrorist attacks; austerity measures following the financial crisis; and the post-2015 ‘refugee crisis’, which has unleashed disintegration processes, rightwing anti-Europeanism and leaving the EU. This second tier of problems relate to the Cypriot states of exception. The paper illustrates that these processes have intensified the deteriorating situation at the expense of fundamental rights, particularly since the financial crisis-and-austerity packages in post-2013, into four distinct areas: (1) aspects involving Turkish-Cypriots; (2) migration and free movement; (3) economic and financial aspects relating to the financial crisis; and (4) environmental issues. Finally, it proposes a schematic theoretical critique of how to go beyond the logic of ‘states of exception’.
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Keywords
Cyprus, states of exception, EU integration, fundamental rights, derogation of rights
References
Agamben, G. (2005) State of Exception. London: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Bix, B. H. (2008) ‘Kelsen, Hart, and legal normativity’, Revus, Vol. 34, DOI.org: 10.4000/revus.3984.
Bigo, D. and Tsoukala, A. (2007) Terror, Insecurity and Liberty, Illiberal Practices of Liberal Regimes after 9/11. London: Routledge.
Bozkurt, U. and Trimikliniotis, N. (2012) ‘Rethinking the postcolonial Cypriot statehood: The Cyprus Problem, Class Struggle and Ethnic conflict’. In N. Trimikliniotis and U. Bozkurt, Beyond A Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation. New York: MacMillan Palgrave: 47–66.
Christostomides, C. (1994) Το κράτος της Κύπρου στο διεθνές δίκαιο, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Constantinou, C. M. (2008) ‘On the Cypriot states of exception’. International Political Sociology, Vol. 2: 145–164.
Cornelisse, G. (2012) ‘A New Articulation of Human Rights, or Why the European Count of Human Rights should Think beyond Westphalian Sovereignty.” In M.-B. Denbour and T. Kelly (eds), Are Human Rights for Migrants? Critical Reflections on the Status of Irregular Migrants in Europe and the United States. London: Routledge: 99–119.
Dauvergne, C. (2008) Making People Illegal, What Globalization Means for Migration and Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De Smith, S. A. (1964) The New Commonwealth and Its Constitutions. London: Stevens, 1964.
Demetriou, C. (2017) Report on measures to combat discrimination Directives 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC Country report 2017, Cyprus. European Network of Legal Experts in the Non-Discrimination Field.
Dimoulis, D. (2001) Το Δίκαιο της Πολιτικής, Μελέτες Συνταγματικής Θεωρίας και Ερμηνείας, Athens: Ellinika Grammata.
Emilianides, A. C. (2006) Η υπερβαση του Κυπριακού Συντάγματος. Athens: Sakkoulas.
Emilianides, A. C. (2015) Constitutional Law in Cyprus. The Hague: Wolters Kluwer.
Emilianides, A. C. (2016) ‘Το δίκαιο της ανάγκης 50 χρόνια μετά: Σκέψεις επί του Κυπριακού «μηδενικού νόμου»’. In A. C. Emilianides, C. Papastylianos and C. Stratilatis (eds.) Η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία και το δίκαιο της ανάγκης, Athens: Sakkoulas, 95-151.
Frankenberg, G. (2014) Political Technology and the Erosion of the Rule of Law, Normalizing the State of Exception, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Groenendijk, K (2004) ‘Legal concepts of integration in EU Migration Law’. European Journal of Migration and Law 6: 111–26, p. 113.
Groenendijk, K. (2012) ‘Integration of Immigrants in the EU: The Old or the New Way?’ In Y. Pascouau and T. Strik, Which Integration Policies for Migrants? Interaction between the EU and its Member States. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers: 3–14.
Hart, H. L. A. (1958) ‘Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals’. Harvard Law Review, Vol. 71: 593-629.
Hart, H. L. A. (1982) Essays on Bentham: Jurisprudence and Political Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hart, H. L. A. (2012) The Concept of Law, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kelsen, H. (1967) Pure Theory of Law (trans. by M. Knight). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kelsen, H. (1991) General Theory of Norms (trans. by M. Hartney). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kelsen, H. (1982) ‘The Concept of the Legal Order,’ American Journal of Jurisprudence, Vol. 27, No. 1 Article 6, available at: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ajj/vol27/iss1/6.
Kombos, C. (2015) The Doctrine of Necessity in Constitutional Law, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Kombos, C. (2015) The Impact of EU law on Cypriot Public Law, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Kyprianou, D. (2010) The Role of the Cyprus Attorney General’s Office in Prosecutions: Rhetoric, Ideology and Practice, Heidelberg: Springer.
Kyriakides, S. (1968) Cyprus Constitutionalism and Cyprus Government, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
Locke, J. (1988) Two Treatises of Government (1690). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 373–375.
Neocleous, M. (2007) ‘Security, liberty and the myth of balance: Towards a critique of security politics.’ Contemporary Political Theory, Vol. 6: 131–49.
Neocleous, M. and Rigakos, G. (2011) ‘Anti-security: A Declaration’. In Anti-Security, eds M. Neocleous and G. Rigakos. Ottawa: Red Quill Books.
Nicolaou, E. (2000) Ο έλεγχος της συνταγματικότητας των νόμων και της κατανομής των αρμοδιοτήτων των οργάνων του κράτους στην Κύπρο. Athens: Sakoulas.
Özersay, K. (2012) ‘The Excuse of State Necessity and Its Implications on the Cyprus Conflict’. PERCEPTIONS, Winter 2004–2005. Available at http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/KudretOzersay.pdf.
Polyviou, P. (2015) The case of Ibrahim the Doctrine of Necessity and the Republic of Cyprus, Nicosia: Chrysafinis and Polyviou.
Papaphilippou, L. (1995) Το Δίκαιο της Ανάγκης στη Κύπρο, Nicosia.
Papastylianos, C. (2016) ‘Το δίκαιο της ανάγκης και τα θεμελιώδη δικαιώματα των Τουρκοκυπρίων: Η εδαφικότητα και η κυριαρχία ως προϋποθέσεις άσκησης των δικαιωμάτων’. In A. Emilianides, C. Papastylianos and C. Stratilatis (eds) Η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία και το δίκαιο της ανάγκης, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Hajimichael, M. and Papastylianou, K. (2019) Environmental Protection and Cooperation in an (Ethnically) Divided Island: The Case of Cyprus. Oslo: PRIO Cyprus Centre Report.
Pikis, C. M. (2006) Constitutionalism, Human rights-Separation of Powers, The Cyprus Precedent, Leiden/Boston: Martinus Niijhoff.
Poulantzas, N. (1980) State, Power, Socialism. London: Verso.
Rancière, J. (2010, September 23) ‘Racism, a passion from above.’ Translation of his talk given in Montreuil (93) on 11 September 2010, during the conference on ‘Les Roms, et qui d’autre?’ in Monthly Review: Racisme, une passion d’en haut.
Rancière, J. (2010) Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics. London: Continuum.
Schmitt, C. C. (2005) Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Sozen, A. and Özersay, K. (2007) ‘The Annan Plan: State Succession or Continuity’. Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 43, No. 1: 125-141.
Stratilatis, C. (2016) ‘Η άδοξη καριέρα του στη Κύπρο: Η δημιουργία και τα πρώτα έτη του βίου της Κυπριακής δημοκρατίας από σμιτιανή σκοπιά’. In A. Emilianides, C. Papastylianos and K. Stratilatis (eds) Η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία και το δίκαιο της ανάγκης, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Thornhill, C. (2018) The Sociology of Law and the Global Transformation of Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tornaritis, C. G. (1980) Cyprus and its Constitutional and Other Legal Problems, 2nd ed., Nicosia.
Tornaritis, C. G. (1981) «Η Γένεση της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας και οι Συνέπειες Αυτής». In G. Tenekides and G. Kranidiotis (eds) Κύπρος- Ιστορία, Προβλήματα και Αγώνες του Λαού της, Athens: Hestia.
Tornaritis, C.G. (1982) Το πολιτειακό δίκαιο της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας, Nicosia.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2007, September 2) «Το Κυπριακό «δόγμα της ανάγκης»: Μια (μη-)δημοκρατία σε κατάσταση εξαίρεσης;», Περιπέτειες Ιδεών, Politis, Vol. 15.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2009) ‘Exceptions, Soft Borders and Free Movement for Workers’. In P. Minderhoud and N. Trimikliniotis, Free Movement of Workers: The European Challenges Ahead. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers: 135–154.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2010) Η Διαλεκτική του Έθνους-Κράτους και το Καθεστώς Εξαίρεσης: Κοινωνιολογικές και Συνταγματικές Μελέτες για την Ευρω-Κυπριακή Συγκυρία και το Εθνικό Ζήτημα [The Nation-state Dialectic and the State of Exception—Sociological and Constitutional Studies on the Eurocyprian Conjuncture and the National Question]. Athens: Savalas.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2012) ‘The Cyprus Problem and imperial games in the hydrocarbon era: From a place of arms to an energy player?’ In N. Trimikliniotis and U. Bozkurt (eds.), Beyond A Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation, New York, NY: MacMillan Palgrave: 23-46.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2013, March 25) ‘The Cyprus Eurocrisis: the beginning of the end of the Eurozone?’, Open Democracy. Available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/author/nicostrimikliniotis.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2017, July-September) «Το Πρόταγμα της Επανένωσης της Κύπρου: Μια ταξική και γεωπολιτική ανάλυση μιας φθίνουσας δυνατότητας» [‘The goal of reunification in Cyprus: A class and geopolitical analysis of a diminishing possibility’], Θέσεις, Vol. 140.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2018) ‘The national question, partition and geopolitics in the 21st century: the Cyprus Problem, the social question and the politics of reconciliation’, Global Discourse, Vol. 18, Nos. 2/3: 303-320, DOI.org/10.1080/23269995.2018.1461440.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2018, January) ‘Η Εποχή της Φρίκης: Ένας παγκόσμιος απολογισμός της πενταετίας› [‘The era of horror: A five year global review’], ΕΠΙΘΕΩΡΗΣΗ Ιστορίας, Κοινωνίας και Πολιτικής (Promitheas Annual Review, History, Society and Politics), Nicosia: Promitheas Research Institute: 7-22.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2019) «Yπόθεση Αστρασολ και το Κυπριακό καθεστώς εξαίρεσης στο περιβάλλον», Zissimos, A. (ed) Περιβαλλοντικές Προκλήσεις και τα Κοινά, Promitheas, Nicosia.
Trimikliniotis, N. and Bozkurt, U. (eds) (2012) Beyond A Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation, New York, NY: MacMillan Palgrave.
Trimikliniotis, N. and Demetriou, C. (2008) ‘Evaluating the anti-discrimination law in the Republic of Cyprus: A critical reflection’. The Cyprus Review, Vol. 20, No. 2: 79–116.
Tsoukala. A. (2007) ‘The Terrorism-Immigration Nexus in the EU, in the Post-11 September Era: An Analysis of the Political Discourses in the British Press’, in E. Berggren, G. T. Likic-Broboric and N. Trimikliniotis (eds), Irregular Migration, Informal Labor and Community: A Challenge for Europe. Maastricht: Shaker: 367–76.
Vinx, L. (ed.) (2015) The Guardian of the Constitution: Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt on the Limits of Constitutional Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI.org:10.1017/CBO9781316136256.
Walters, W. (2008) ‘Anti-illegal Immigration Policy: The Case of the European Union’, in C. Gabriel and H. Pellerin (eds), Governing International Labor Migration, Current Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. London: Routledge: 43–58.
Bix, B. H. (2008) ‘Kelsen, Hart, and legal normativity’, Revus, Vol. 34, DOI.org: 10.4000/revus.3984.
Bigo, D. and Tsoukala, A. (2007) Terror, Insecurity and Liberty, Illiberal Practices of Liberal Regimes after 9/11. London: Routledge.
Bozkurt, U. and Trimikliniotis, N. (2012) ‘Rethinking the postcolonial Cypriot statehood: The Cyprus Problem, Class Struggle and Ethnic conflict’. In N. Trimikliniotis and U. Bozkurt, Beyond A Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation. New York: MacMillan Palgrave: 47–66.
Christostomides, C. (1994) Το κράτος της Κύπρου στο διεθνές δίκαιο, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Constantinou, C. M. (2008) ‘On the Cypriot states of exception’. International Political Sociology, Vol. 2: 145–164.
Cornelisse, G. (2012) ‘A New Articulation of Human Rights, or Why the European Count of Human Rights should Think beyond Westphalian Sovereignty.” In M.-B. Denbour and T. Kelly (eds), Are Human Rights for Migrants? Critical Reflections on the Status of Irregular Migrants in Europe and the United States. London: Routledge: 99–119.
Dauvergne, C. (2008) Making People Illegal, What Globalization Means for Migration and Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De Smith, S. A. (1964) The New Commonwealth and Its Constitutions. London: Stevens, 1964.
Demetriou, C. (2017) Report on measures to combat discrimination Directives 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC Country report 2017, Cyprus. European Network of Legal Experts in the Non-Discrimination Field.
Dimoulis, D. (2001) Το Δίκαιο της Πολιτικής, Μελέτες Συνταγματικής Θεωρίας και Ερμηνείας, Athens: Ellinika Grammata.
Emilianides, A. C. (2006) Η υπερβαση του Κυπριακού Συντάγματος. Athens: Sakkoulas.
Emilianides, A. C. (2015) Constitutional Law in Cyprus. The Hague: Wolters Kluwer.
Emilianides, A. C. (2016) ‘Το δίκαιο της ανάγκης 50 χρόνια μετά: Σκέψεις επί του Κυπριακού «μηδενικού νόμου»’. In A. C. Emilianides, C. Papastylianos and C. Stratilatis (eds.) Η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία και το δίκαιο της ανάγκης, Athens: Sakkoulas, 95-151.
Frankenberg, G. (2014) Political Technology and the Erosion of the Rule of Law, Normalizing the State of Exception, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Groenendijk, K (2004) ‘Legal concepts of integration in EU Migration Law’. European Journal of Migration and Law 6: 111–26, p. 113.
Groenendijk, K. (2012) ‘Integration of Immigrants in the EU: The Old or the New Way?’ In Y. Pascouau and T. Strik, Which Integration Policies for Migrants? Interaction between the EU and its Member States. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers: 3–14.
Hart, H. L. A. (1958) ‘Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals’. Harvard Law Review, Vol. 71: 593-629.
Hart, H. L. A. (1982) Essays on Bentham: Jurisprudence and Political Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hart, H. L. A. (2012) The Concept of Law, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kelsen, H. (1967) Pure Theory of Law (trans. by M. Knight). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kelsen, H. (1991) General Theory of Norms (trans. by M. Hartney). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kelsen, H. (1982) ‘The Concept of the Legal Order,’ American Journal of Jurisprudence, Vol. 27, No. 1 Article 6, available at: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ajj/vol27/iss1/6.
Kombos, C. (2015) The Doctrine of Necessity in Constitutional Law, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Kombos, C. (2015) The Impact of EU law on Cypriot Public Law, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Kyprianou, D. (2010) The Role of the Cyprus Attorney General’s Office in Prosecutions: Rhetoric, Ideology and Practice, Heidelberg: Springer.
Kyriakides, S. (1968) Cyprus Constitutionalism and Cyprus Government, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
Locke, J. (1988) Two Treatises of Government (1690). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 373–375.
Neocleous, M. (2007) ‘Security, liberty and the myth of balance: Towards a critique of security politics.’ Contemporary Political Theory, Vol. 6: 131–49.
Neocleous, M. and Rigakos, G. (2011) ‘Anti-security: A Declaration’. In Anti-Security, eds M. Neocleous and G. Rigakos. Ottawa: Red Quill Books.
Nicolaou, E. (2000) Ο έλεγχος της συνταγματικότητας των νόμων και της κατανομής των αρμοδιοτήτων των οργάνων του κράτους στην Κύπρο. Athens: Sakoulas.
Özersay, K. (2012) ‘The Excuse of State Necessity and Its Implications on the Cyprus Conflict’. PERCEPTIONS, Winter 2004–2005. Available at http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/KudretOzersay.pdf.
Polyviou, P. (2015) The case of Ibrahim the Doctrine of Necessity and the Republic of Cyprus, Nicosia: Chrysafinis and Polyviou.
Papaphilippou, L. (1995) Το Δίκαιο της Ανάγκης στη Κύπρο, Nicosia.
Papastylianos, C. (2016) ‘Το δίκαιο της ανάγκης και τα θεμελιώδη δικαιώματα των Τουρκοκυπρίων: Η εδαφικότητα και η κυριαρχία ως προϋποθέσεις άσκησης των δικαιωμάτων’. In A. Emilianides, C. Papastylianos and C. Stratilatis (eds) Η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία και το δίκαιο της ανάγκης, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Hajimichael, M. and Papastylianou, K. (2019) Environmental Protection and Cooperation in an (Ethnically) Divided Island: The Case of Cyprus. Oslo: PRIO Cyprus Centre Report.
Pikis, C. M. (2006) Constitutionalism, Human rights-Separation of Powers, The Cyprus Precedent, Leiden/Boston: Martinus Niijhoff.
Poulantzas, N. (1980) State, Power, Socialism. London: Verso.
Rancière, J. (2010, September 23) ‘Racism, a passion from above.’ Translation of his talk given in Montreuil (93) on 11 September 2010, during the conference on ‘Les Roms, et qui d’autre?’ in Monthly Review: Racisme, une passion d’en haut.
Rancière, J. (2010) Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics. London: Continuum.
Schmitt, C. C. (2005) Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Sozen, A. and Özersay, K. (2007) ‘The Annan Plan: State Succession or Continuity’. Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 43, No. 1: 125-141.
Stratilatis, C. (2016) ‘Η άδοξη καριέρα του στη Κύπρο: Η δημιουργία και τα πρώτα έτη του βίου της Κυπριακής δημοκρατίας από σμιτιανή σκοπιά’. In A. Emilianides, C. Papastylianos and K. Stratilatis (eds) Η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία και το δίκαιο της ανάγκης, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Thornhill, C. (2018) The Sociology of Law and the Global Transformation of Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tornaritis, C. G. (1980) Cyprus and its Constitutional and Other Legal Problems, 2nd ed., Nicosia.
Tornaritis, C. G. (1981) «Η Γένεση της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας και οι Συνέπειες Αυτής». In G. Tenekides and G. Kranidiotis (eds) Κύπρος- Ιστορία, Προβλήματα και Αγώνες του Λαού της, Athens: Hestia.
Tornaritis, C.G. (1982) Το πολιτειακό δίκαιο της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας, Nicosia.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2007, September 2) «Το Κυπριακό «δόγμα της ανάγκης»: Μια (μη-)δημοκρατία σε κατάσταση εξαίρεσης;», Περιπέτειες Ιδεών, Politis, Vol. 15.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2009) ‘Exceptions, Soft Borders and Free Movement for Workers’. In P. Minderhoud and N. Trimikliniotis, Free Movement of Workers: The European Challenges Ahead. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers: 135–154.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2010) Η Διαλεκτική του Έθνους-Κράτους και το Καθεστώς Εξαίρεσης: Κοινωνιολογικές και Συνταγματικές Μελέτες για την Ευρω-Κυπριακή Συγκυρία και το Εθνικό Ζήτημα [The Nation-state Dialectic and the State of Exception—Sociological and Constitutional Studies on the Eurocyprian Conjuncture and the National Question]. Athens: Savalas.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2012) ‘The Cyprus Problem and imperial games in the hydrocarbon era: From a place of arms to an energy player?’ In N. Trimikliniotis and U. Bozkurt (eds.), Beyond A Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation, New York, NY: MacMillan Palgrave: 23-46.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2013, March 25) ‘The Cyprus Eurocrisis: the beginning of the end of the Eurozone?’, Open Democracy. Available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/author/nicostrimikliniotis.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2017, July-September) «Το Πρόταγμα της Επανένωσης της Κύπρου: Μια ταξική και γεωπολιτική ανάλυση μιας φθίνουσας δυνατότητας» [‘The goal of reunification in Cyprus: A class and geopolitical analysis of a diminishing possibility’], Θέσεις, Vol. 140.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2018) ‘The national question, partition and geopolitics in the 21st century: the Cyprus Problem, the social question and the politics of reconciliation’, Global Discourse, Vol. 18, Nos. 2/3: 303-320, DOI.org/10.1080/23269995.2018.1461440.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2018, January) ‘Η Εποχή της Φρίκης: Ένας παγκόσμιος απολογισμός της πενταετίας› [‘The era of horror: A five year global review’], ΕΠΙΘΕΩΡΗΣΗ Ιστορίας, Κοινωνίας και Πολιτικής (Promitheas Annual Review, History, Society and Politics), Nicosia: Promitheas Research Institute: 7-22.
Trimikliniotis, N. (2019) «Yπόθεση Αστρασολ και το Κυπριακό καθεστώς εξαίρεσης στο περιβάλλον», Zissimos, A. (ed) Περιβαλλοντικές Προκλήσεις και τα Κοινά, Promitheas, Nicosia.
Trimikliniotis, N. and Bozkurt, U. (eds) (2012) Beyond A Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation, New York, NY: MacMillan Palgrave.
Trimikliniotis, N. and Demetriou, C. (2008) ‘Evaluating the anti-discrimination law in the Republic of Cyprus: A critical reflection’. The Cyprus Review, Vol. 20, No. 2: 79–116.
Tsoukala. A. (2007) ‘The Terrorism-Immigration Nexus in the EU, in the Post-11 September Era: An Analysis of the Political Discourses in the British Press’, in E. Berggren, G. T. Likic-Broboric and N. Trimikliniotis (eds), Irregular Migration, Informal Labor and Community: A Challenge for Europe. Maastricht: Shaker: 367–76.
Vinx, L. (ed.) (2015) The Guardian of the Constitution: Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt on the Limits of Constitutional Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI.org:10.1017/CBO9781316136256.
Walters, W. (2008) ‘Anti-illegal Immigration Policy: The Case of the European Union’, in C. Gabriel and H. Pellerin (eds), Governing International Labor Migration, Current Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. London: Routledge: 43–58.
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How to Cite
“The Proliferation of Cypriot States of Exception: The Erosion of Fundamental Rights As Collateral Damage of the Cyprus Problem”. 2019. Cyprus Review 30 (2): 43-84. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/570.