Avoidance of Constitutional Imposition and Democratic Constituent Power in Divided, Conflict-Ridden Societies
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Published
Mar 8, 2019
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Abstract
The aim of this essay is to present and then to critically discuss some arguments that have cast serious doubt on whether the conception of democratic constituent power is appropriate for, and should be invoked in, divided, conflict-ridden societies to avoid or fend off, among others, the prospect of a constitutional imposition. The author’s main argument is that the conception of democratic constituent power in such cases can be a matrix of normative (and potentially legalized) principles and standards, which do not preclude the intervention of external powers as such, but frame the demand for self-restraint as regards the forms, the aims, the intensity and the extent of such intervention. The invocation of the constituent power of ‘We the People’ in divided societies entails important risks, and one should take recourse to its rhetorical use only upon prudential, consequentialist considerations,
which should include the possible exclusionary effects of the nationalist version of constituent power. Nevertheless, the prudential calculus can also indicate that such invocation may become useful as a reference point for a forward-looking learning (and potentially therapeutic) process, which will not aspire to simply obliterate the past and its original sins. Ultimately, everything depends on the context and on the virtues of the people and of their leaders.
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Keywords
democratic constituent power, internationalized pouvoir constituant, constitutional imposition, external intervention in constitution-making, forward-looking learning process, divided societies, conflict-ridden societies
References
Agné, H., (2012) ‘Democratic founding: We the people and the others’, International Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 10, No. 3: 836.
Albert, R., (2017, February 3) ‘Imposed Constitutions with Consent?’, Boston College Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 434. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2911180.
Albert, R., Contiades, X. and Fotiadou, A. (eds) (2018) The Law and Legitimacy of Imposed Constitutions. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Arato, A., (2016) Post Sovereign Constitution Making: Learning and Legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cahin, G., (2014) ‘Limitation du pouvoir constituant: le point de vue de l’internationaliste’, Civitas Europa, Vol. 32, No. 1: 55.
Cohen, J., (2016) Globalization and Sovereignty: Rethinking Legality, Legitimacy, and Constitutionalism. Cambridge University Press.
Colón-Ríos, J., (2012) Weak Constitutionalism: Democratic legitimacy and the question of constituent power. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, (1999) Promoting a Culture of Constitutionalism and Democracy in Commonwealth Africa: Recommendations to Commonwealth Heads of Government.
Available at http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/const/constitutionalism_booklet_1999.pdf.
Dann, P. and Al-Ali, Z., (2006) ‘The Internationalized Pouvoir Constituant–Constitution-Making Under External Influence in Iraq, Sudan and East Timor’. In A. von Bogdany and R. Wolfrum (eds), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Vol. 10: 423-463.
Douzinas, C., (2013) Philosophy and Resistance in the Crisis: Greece and the Future of Europe. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Dryzek, J., (2005) ‘Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia’. Political Theory Vol. 33, No. 2: 218.
Elkins, Z., Ginsburg, T. and Melton, J., (2008) ‘Baghdad, Tokyo, Kabul...: Constitution-Making in Occupied States’, William and Mary Law Review Vol. 49: 1139.
Emilianides, A., (2013) Constitutional Law in Cyprus, The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
Epstein, L. and Knight, J. (2003) ‘Constitutional borrowing and nonborrowing’. International Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 1, No. 2: 196.
Feldman, N., (2005) ‘Imposed Constitutionalism’. Connecticut Law Review Vol. 37: 857.
Franck, T. and Thiruvengadam, A., (2010) ‘Norms of International Law Relating to the Constitution-Making Process’. In L. Miller (ed.), Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press: 3-19.
Ginsburg, T., Elkins, Z. and Blount, J., (2009) ‘Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?’. Annual Review of Law and Social Science Vol. 5: 201.
Goderis, B. and Versteeg, M., (2013) ‘Transnational Constitutionalism: A Conceptual Framework’. In. D. Galligan and M. Versteeg (eds), Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions. Cambridge University Press: 103-133.
Grewe, C. and Riegner, M., (2011) ‘Internationalized Constitutionalism in Ethnically Divided Societies: Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Compared’. In A. von Bogdany and R. Wolfrum (eds), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Vol. 15:1-64.
Habermas, J., (2001) ‘Constitutional Democracy: A Paradoxical Union of Contradictory Principles?’. Political Theory Vol. 29, No. 6: 766.
Hahm, C. and Ho Kim, S., (2015) Making We the People: Democratic Constitutional Founding in Postwar Japan and South Korea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hart, V., ‘Constitution Making and the Right to Take Part in a Public Affair’. In L. Miller (ed.), Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making. Washington, D.C.:
United States Institute of Peace Press: 20-54.
Franck, T. and Thiruvengadam, A., (2010) ‘Norms of International Law Relating to the Constitution-Making Process’. In L. Miller (ed.), Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press: 3-19.
Hasebe, Y., (2015) ‘Imposed Constitutions (constitutions octroyées)’, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available through: http://
oxcon.ouplaw.com.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, (2011, May) Constitution building after conflict: External support to a sovereign process. Policy Paper. Available at: http://www.idea.
int/sites/default/files/publications/constitution-building-after-conflict.pdf.
Kalyvas, A., (2005) ‘Popular Sovereignty, Democracy, and the Constituent Power’. Constellations Vol. 12, No. 2: 223.
Landau, D., (2012-2013) ‘Constitution-Making Gone Wrong’,.labama Law Review Vol. 64, No. 5: 923.
Landau, D., (2013-2014) ‘Abusive Constitutionalism’. University of California, Davis, Law Review Vol. 47: 189.
Lang, A. and Wiener, A. (eds), (2017) Handbook on Global Constitutionalism. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Law, D., (2013) ‘The Myth of the Imposed Constitution’. In D. Galligan and M. Versteeg (eds), Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions. Cambridge University Press: 239-268.
Law, D., (2018, May 24) ‘Imposed Constitutions and Romantic Constitutions’. Washington University in St. Louis Legal Studies Research Paper No. 18-05-01. University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law Research Paper. Advailable at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3184157.
Loughlin M. and Walker N. (eds), (2007) The Paradox of Constitutionalism: Constituent Power and Constitutional Form, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Loughlin M. and Walker N., (2008) International Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 6, No. 2, 358.
Lindahl, H., (2015) ‘Possibility, Actuality, Rupture: Constituent Power and the Ontology of Change’. Constellations Vol. 22, No. 2, 163.
Maziau, N., ‘(2002-03) L’internationalisation du pouvoir constituant. Essai de typologie: Le point de vue heterodoxe du constitutionnaliste’. Revue Générale de Droit International Public: 549.
Michelman, F., (1998) ‘Constitutional Authorship’. In. L. Alexander (ed.), Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations. Cambridge University Press: 64-98.
Michelman, F., (2009) ‘Reply to Ming-Sung Kuo’. International Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 7, No. 4: 715.
Miller, L., (2010) ‘Designing Constitution-Making Processes: Lessons from the Past, Questions for the Future’. In L. Miller (ed.), Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in
Constitution Making. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press: 601-665.
O’Brien, J., (2010) ‘The Dayton Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina’. In L. Miller (ed.), Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press: 332-349.
Oklopcic, Z., (2009) ‘Populus Interruptus: Self-Determination, The Independence of Kosovo, and the Vocabulary of Peoplehood’. Leiden Journal of International Law Vol. 22: 677.
Oklopcic, Z., (2011) ‘The Migrating Spirit of the Secession Reference in Southeastern Europe’. Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence Vol. 24, No. 2: 347.
Oklopcic, Z., (2012) ‘Constitutional (Re)Vision: Sovereign Peoples, New Constituent Powers, and the Formation of Constitutional Orders in the Balkans’. Constellations Vol. 19, No. 1: 81.
Oklopcic, Z., (2012) ‘The Territorial Challenge: From Constitutional Patriotism to Unencumbered Agonism in Bosnia and Herzegovina’. German Law Journal Vol. 13: 23.
Oklopcic, Z., (2014) ‘Three arenas of struggle: A contextual approach to the constituent power of “the people”’. Global Constitutionalism Vol. 3, No. 2: 200.
Oklopcic, Z., (2014) ‘Provincialising Constitutional Pluralism’. Transnational Legal Theory Vol. 5, No. (3): 331--363.
Oklopcic, Z., (2015) ‘The Idea of Early-Conflict Constitution-Making: The Conflict in Ukraine Beyond Territorial Rights and Constitutional Paradoxes’. German Law Journal Vol. 16, No.
3: 658-690.
Oklopcic, Z., (2018) Beyond the People: Social Imaginary and Constituent Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Papadakis, Y., Peristianis, N. and Welz, G. (eds), (2006) Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Partlett, W., (2012) ‘The Dangers of Popular Constitution-Making’. Brooklyn Journal of International Law Vol. 38, No. 1: 193.
Peters, A., (2012) ‘Are we Moving towards Constitutionalization of the World Community?’. In A. Cassese (ed.), Realizing Utopia: The Future of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 118-135.
Polyviou, P., (1980) Cyprus: Conflict and Negotiation 1960 – 1980.
Preuss, U., (2006-07) ‘Perspectives on Post-Conflict Constitutionalism: Reflections on Regime Change Through External Constitutionalization’. New York Law School Law Review Vol. 51: 467.
Riegner, M., (2010) ‘The Two Faces of Internationalized pouvoir constituant: Independence and Constitution-Making Under External Influence in Kosovo’. Goettingen Journal of International
Law Vol. 2, No. 3: 1035-1062.
Roznai, Y., (2018, March 19) ‘Internally Imposed Constitutions’. [Abstract] Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3144121.
Schauer, F., (2005) ‘On the Migration of Constitutional Ideas’. Connecticut Law Review Vol. 37: 907.
Tierney, S., (2007) ‘“We the Peoples”: Constituent Power and Constitutionalism in Plurinational States’. In M Loughlin and N. Walker (eds), The Paradox of Constitutionalism: Constituent Power and Constitutional Form. Oxford University Press: 229-245.
Tornaritis, C., (2008) Cyprus and its Constitutional and Other Legal Problems 2nd edition.
Trimikliniotis, N. and Bozkurt, U. (eds), (2012) Beyond a Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation. NY, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
Tushnet, M., (2008) ‘Some Skepticism About Normative Constitutional Advice’: William and Mary Law Review Vol. 49: 1473.-1495.
Tushnet, M., (2012) ‘Democratic founding: We the people and the others–A reply to Hans Agné’. International Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 10, No. 3: 862.
Tupaz, E., (2008) ‘A Dialogical-Republican Revival: Respect-Worthy Constitutionalism in Post-Conflict Northern Ireland, South Africa, and Southern Philippines’. The Wayne Law Review: 1295.
United Nations Human Rights Committee, (1996, July 12) CCPR General Comment No. 25: Article 25 (Participation in Public Affairs and the Right to Vote), The Right to Participate in Public
Affairs, Voting Rights and the Right of Equal Access to Public Service, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7.
United Nations, (2009, April) Guidance Note of the Secretary-General: United Nations Assistance to Constitution-making Processes. Available at https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Guidance_
Note_United_Nations_Assistance_to_Constitution-making_Processes_FINAL.pdf>.
Walker, N., (2017) ‘The return of constituent power: A reply to Mattias Kumm’. International Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 14, No. 4: 906.
Zurn, C., (2010) ‘The Logic of Legitimacy: Bootstrapping Paradoxes of Constitutional Democracy’. Legal Theory Vol. 16: 191.
Albert, R., (2017, February 3) ‘Imposed Constitutions with Consent?’, Boston College Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 434. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2911180.
Albert, R., Contiades, X. and Fotiadou, A. (eds) (2018) The Law and Legitimacy of Imposed Constitutions. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Arato, A., (2016) Post Sovereign Constitution Making: Learning and Legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cahin, G., (2014) ‘Limitation du pouvoir constituant: le point de vue de l’internationaliste’, Civitas Europa, Vol. 32, No. 1: 55.
Cohen, J., (2016) Globalization and Sovereignty: Rethinking Legality, Legitimacy, and Constitutionalism. Cambridge University Press.
Colón-Ríos, J., (2012) Weak Constitutionalism: Democratic legitimacy and the question of constituent power. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, (1999) Promoting a Culture of Constitutionalism and Democracy in Commonwealth Africa: Recommendations to Commonwealth Heads of Government.
Available at http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/const/constitutionalism_booklet_1999.pdf.
Dann, P. and Al-Ali, Z., (2006) ‘The Internationalized Pouvoir Constituant–Constitution-Making Under External Influence in Iraq, Sudan and East Timor’. In A. von Bogdany and R. Wolfrum (eds), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Vol. 10: 423-463.
Douzinas, C., (2013) Philosophy and Resistance in the Crisis: Greece and the Future of Europe. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Dryzek, J., (2005) ‘Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia’. Political Theory Vol. 33, No. 2: 218.
Elkins, Z., Ginsburg, T. and Melton, J., (2008) ‘Baghdad, Tokyo, Kabul...: Constitution-Making in Occupied States’, William and Mary Law Review Vol. 49: 1139.
Emilianides, A., (2013) Constitutional Law in Cyprus, The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
Epstein, L. and Knight, J. (2003) ‘Constitutional borrowing and nonborrowing’. International Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 1, No. 2: 196.
Feldman, N., (2005) ‘Imposed Constitutionalism’. Connecticut Law Review Vol. 37: 857.
Franck, T. and Thiruvengadam, A., (2010) ‘Norms of International Law Relating to the Constitution-Making Process’. In L. Miller (ed.), Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press: 3-19.
Ginsburg, T., Elkins, Z. and Blount, J., (2009) ‘Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?’. Annual Review of Law and Social Science Vol. 5: 201.
Goderis, B. and Versteeg, M., (2013) ‘Transnational Constitutionalism: A Conceptual Framework’. In. D. Galligan and M. Versteeg (eds), Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions. Cambridge University Press: 103-133.
Grewe, C. and Riegner, M., (2011) ‘Internationalized Constitutionalism in Ethnically Divided Societies: Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Compared’. In A. von Bogdany and R. Wolfrum (eds), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Vol. 15:1-64.
Habermas, J., (2001) ‘Constitutional Democracy: A Paradoxical Union of Contradictory Principles?’. Political Theory Vol. 29, No. 6: 766.
Hahm, C. and Ho Kim, S., (2015) Making We the People: Democratic Constitutional Founding in Postwar Japan and South Korea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hart, V., ‘Constitution Making and the Right to Take Part in a Public Affair’. In L. Miller (ed.), Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making. Washington, D.C.:
United States Institute of Peace Press: 20-54.
Franck, T. and Thiruvengadam, A., (2010) ‘Norms of International Law Relating to the Constitution-Making Process’. In L. Miller (ed.), Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press: 3-19.
Hasebe, Y., (2015) ‘Imposed Constitutions (constitutions octroyées)’, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available through: http://
oxcon.ouplaw.com.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, (2011, May) Constitution building after conflict: External support to a sovereign process. Policy Paper. Available at: http://www.idea.
int/sites/default/files/publications/constitution-building-after-conflict.pdf.
Kalyvas, A., (2005) ‘Popular Sovereignty, Democracy, and the Constituent Power’. Constellations Vol. 12, No. 2: 223.
Landau, D., (2012-2013) ‘Constitution-Making Gone Wrong’,.labama Law Review Vol. 64, No. 5: 923.
Landau, D., (2013-2014) ‘Abusive Constitutionalism’. University of California, Davis, Law Review Vol. 47: 189.
Lang, A. and Wiener, A. (eds), (2017) Handbook on Global Constitutionalism. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Law, D., (2013) ‘The Myth of the Imposed Constitution’. In D. Galligan and M. Versteeg (eds), Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions. Cambridge University Press: 239-268.
Law, D., (2018, May 24) ‘Imposed Constitutions and Romantic Constitutions’. Washington University in St. Louis Legal Studies Research Paper No. 18-05-01. University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law Research Paper. Advailable at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3184157.
Loughlin M. and Walker N. (eds), (2007) The Paradox of Constitutionalism: Constituent Power and Constitutional Form, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Loughlin M. and Walker N., (2008) International Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 6, No. 2, 358.
Lindahl, H., (2015) ‘Possibility, Actuality, Rupture: Constituent Power and the Ontology of Change’. Constellations Vol. 22, No. 2, 163.
Maziau, N., ‘(2002-03) L’internationalisation du pouvoir constituant. Essai de typologie: Le point de vue heterodoxe du constitutionnaliste’. Revue Générale de Droit International Public: 549.
Michelman, F., (1998) ‘Constitutional Authorship’. In. L. Alexander (ed.), Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations. Cambridge University Press: 64-98.
Michelman, F., (2009) ‘Reply to Ming-Sung Kuo’. International Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 7, No. 4: 715.
Miller, L., (2010) ‘Designing Constitution-Making Processes: Lessons from the Past, Questions for the Future’. In L. Miller (ed.), Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in
Constitution Making. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press: 601-665.
O’Brien, J., (2010) ‘The Dayton Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina’. In L. Miller (ed.), Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press: 332-349.
Oklopcic, Z., (2009) ‘Populus Interruptus: Self-Determination, The Independence of Kosovo, and the Vocabulary of Peoplehood’. Leiden Journal of International Law Vol. 22: 677.
Oklopcic, Z., (2011) ‘The Migrating Spirit of the Secession Reference in Southeastern Europe’. Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence Vol. 24, No. 2: 347.
Oklopcic, Z., (2012) ‘Constitutional (Re)Vision: Sovereign Peoples, New Constituent Powers, and the Formation of Constitutional Orders in the Balkans’. Constellations Vol. 19, No. 1: 81.
Oklopcic, Z., (2012) ‘The Territorial Challenge: From Constitutional Patriotism to Unencumbered Agonism in Bosnia and Herzegovina’. German Law Journal Vol. 13: 23.
Oklopcic, Z., (2014) ‘Three arenas of struggle: A contextual approach to the constituent power of “the people”’. Global Constitutionalism Vol. 3, No. 2: 200.
Oklopcic, Z., (2014) ‘Provincialising Constitutional Pluralism’. Transnational Legal Theory Vol. 5, No. (3): 331--363.
Oklopcic, Z., (2015) ‘The Idea of Early-Conflict Constitution-Making: The Conflict in Ukraine Beyond Territorial Rights and Constitutional Paradoxes’. German Law Journal Vol. 16, No.
3: 658-690.
Oklopcic, Z., (2018) Beyond the People: Social Imaginary and Constituent Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Papadakis, Y., Peristianis, N. and Welz, G. (eds), (2006) Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Partlett, W., (2012) ‘The Dangers of Popular Constitution-Making’. Brooklyn Journal of International Law Vol. 38, No. 1: 193.
Peters, A., (2012) ‘Are we Moving towards Constitutionalization of the World Community?’. In A. Cassese (ed.), Realizing Utopia: The Future of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 118-135.
Polyviou, P., (1980) Cyprus: Conflict and Negotiation 1960 – 1980.
Preuss, U., (2006-07) ‘Perspectives on Post-Conflict Constitutionalism: Reflections on Regime Change Through External Constitutionalization’. New York Law School Law Review Vol. 51: 467.
Riegner, M., (2010) ‘The Two Faces of Internationalized pouvoir constituant: Independence and Constitution-Making Under External Influence in Kosovo’. Goettingen Journal of International
Law Vol. 2, No. 3: 1035-1062.
Roznai, Y., (2018, March 19) ‘Internally Imposed Constitutions’. [Abstract] Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3144121.
Schauer, F., (2005) ‘On the Migration of Constitutional Ideas’. Connecticut Law Review Vol. 37: 907.
Tierney, S., (2007) ‘“We the Peoples”: Constituent Power and Constitutionalism in Plurinational States’. In M Loughlin and N. Walker (eds), The Paradox of Constitutionalism: Constituent Power and Constitutional Form. Oxford University Press: 229-245.
Tornaritis, C., (2008) Cyprus and its Constitutional and Other Legal Problems 2nd edition.
Trimikliniotis, N. and Bozkurt, U. (eds), (2012) Beyond a Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation. NY, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
Tushnet, M., (2008) ‘Some Skepticism About Normative Constitutional Advice’: William and Mary Law Review Vol. 49: 1473.-1495.
Tushnet, M., (2012) ‘Democratic founding: We the people and the others–A reply to Hans Agné’. International Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 10, No. 3: 862.
Tupaz, E., (2008) ‘A Dialogical-Republican Revival: Respect-Worthy Constitutionalism in Post-Conflict Northern Ireland, South Africa, and Southern Philippines’. The Wayne Law Review: 1295.
United Nations Human Rights Committee, (1996, July 12) CCPR General Comment No. 25: Article 25 (Participation in Public Affairs and the Right to Vote), The Right to Participate in Public
Affairs, Voting Rights and the Right of Equal Access to Public Service, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7.
United Nations, (2009, April) Guidance Note of the Secretary-General: United Nations Assistance to Constitution-making Processes. Available at https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Guidance_
Note_United_Nations_Assistance_to_Constitution-making_Processes_FINAL.pdf>.
Walker, N., (2017) ‘The return of constituent power: A reply to Mattias Kumm’. International Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 14, No. 4: 906.
Zurn, C., (2010) ‘The Logic of Legitimacy: Bootstrapping Paradoxes of Constitutional Democracy’. Legal Theory Vol. 16: 191.
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“Avoidance of Constitutional Imposition and Democratic Constituent Power in Divided, Conflict-Ridden Societies”. 2019. Cyprus Review 30 (1): 163-87. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/545.