The Horizontal Effect of Fundamental Rights in the Jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Cyprus
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Published
Mar 8, 2019
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Abstract
This article is concerned with the principle of horizontal effect of fundamental rights as this has been applied in Cypriot case law. The article begins with a brief introduction on the doctrine of horizontal effect and the various positions that have been expressed about this doctrine, as well as its development in private law. Following this analysis, reference is made to the landmark case of Yiallouros and the introduction into the Cypriot legal order of the above-mentioned doctrine by Cypriot courts. It will be indicated that, while the case of Yiallouros created new insights in the area of fundamental rights protection, at the same time it left issues of applicability of the doctrine and its effect of Cypriot private law unclarified. This article, therefore, seeks to consider how the above-mentioned gap is remedied through a review of case law in the Supreme Court of Cyprus following the case of Yiallouros.
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Keywords
horizontal effect, direct effect, indirect effect, Cypriot legal order, vertical relationship, private law, private legal relationships, fundamental rights, Cypriot case law, common law principles, jurisprudence
References
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Anthopoulos, C. T., (1993) The problem of the functional bindingness of fundamental rights, Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas.
Barak, A., (1996) ‘Constitutional Human Rights and Private Law’. Review Constitutional Studies, Vol. 3.
Barkhysen, Τ., Barkhuysen, S., and Lindenbergh, D., (2006) Constitutionalisation of the Private Law, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Bethge, H., (1977) Zur Problematik von Grundrechtskollisionen, 1st edition. München: Franz Vahlen Verlag.
Black, C. L. Jr., (1967-1968), ‘The Supreme Court, 1966 Term – Foreword: “State Action,” Equal Protection, and California’s Proposition 14’ Harvard Law Review, Vol. 81: 69-109.
Canaris, C.-W., (1999) Grundrechte und Privatrecht: eine Zwischenbilanz Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Canaris, C.-W., (1984) ‘Grundrechte und Privatrecht’, Archiv für die civilistische Praxis, 184: 201-246.
Chemerinksy, E., (1986) ‘Rethinking State Action’. Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 80: 503-57.
Chrysogonos, K. C. and Vlachopoulos, S.V., (2017) Civil and Social Rights, 4th reviewed ed., Athens: Nomiki Vivliothiki.
Konstantinidis, P., (2016) The Horizontal Effect of the Fundamental Rights in the Cypriot Legal Order, Nicosia: Hippasus Publishing.
Dagtoglou, P. D., (2005) Constitutional Law, Individual Rights A’, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Deliyanni, C, Dimitrakou, C. and Akrivopoulou, M., (2015) Fundamental Rights and Private Relations in Greek and European Law, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Demetropoulos, A., (2004) Constitutional Rights, Constitutional Law Tradition, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Denninger, E., (2001) Kommentar zum Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Reihe Alternativkommentare), GG, Vol. 1, No. 31. Munich: Luchterhand.
Dürig, G., (1956) ‚Grundrechte und Zivilrechtsprechung‘. In T. Maunz (ed.), Vom Bonner Grundgesetz zur gesamtdeutschen Verfassung, Festschrift für H. Nawiasky, München: Isar-Verlag.
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Essays. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
Huber, E. R., (1962) Rechtsstaat und Sozialstaat in der modernen, Industriegesellschaft, Oldenburg: Verwaltungs- u. Wirtschaftsakademie.
Iliopoulou-Straga, G., (1990) The horizontal effect of civil and social rights in the 1975 Constitution. Athens: Sakkoulas.
Kerr, Τ. and Cooney, T., (1981) ‘Constitutional Aspects of the Irish Tort Law’ DULJ, 3: 1-16.
Korsou, D., (1972) Korsou, ‘“Civil rights in private law’”. In Xenion Honourary Volume for Panayiotis Zepos, Vol. 1, Athens, Freiburg/Br-Koln.
Leisner, W., (1962) ‘Grundrechte und Privatrecht’, Archiv für die civilistische Praxis, 161. Bd., H. 4.
Loucaides, L., (1998) ‘The right of personality’ [in Greek]. In L. Loucaides, Topics of Cypriot Law, Nicosia: 13-61.
Manesis, A. I., (1981) Constitutional Rights A’ individual freedoms – University traditions, 4th ed. Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas.
Mangoldt, H. von and Klein, F., (1957) Das Bonner Grundgesetz (Kommentar), Grundgesetz, Vol. 1. Munich: Luchterhand.
Manitakis, A., (1994) Rule of Law and Judicial Review of Constitutionality, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Markesinis, S., (1999) ‘Privacy, freedom of expression and the horizontal effect of the Human Rights Bill: Lessons from Germany’. L.Q.R. 115.
Nipperdey, H. C., (1965) Soziale Marktsirtshaft und Grundgesetz, 3rd edition, Cologne: Heymann.
Nipperdey, H. C., (1962) ‘Grundrechte und Privatrecht’. In Festschrift für E. Molitor. Munich: Beck: 1-27.
Nipperdey, H. C., (1950) ‘Gleicher Lohn der Frau für gleiche Leistung’, Recht der Arbeit Vol. 2. Munich: C. H. Becht: 120-145.
Papanicolaou, P. A., (2006) Constitution and the Independence of Private Law, Athens: Sakkoula.
Papasavva, S., (2002) ‘Is There Direct effect of Human Rights in Cypriot Law? Comments and thoughts according the decision of the Hight Court in the Civil Appeal 9931, Yiallouros v. Nicholaou’, Dikaiomata tou Anthropou.
Saunders, C., (2005) ‘Constitutional Rights and the Common Law’. In A. Sajao and R. Uitz (eds), The Constitution in Private Relations Expanding Constitutionalism, The Hague: Eleven International Publishing: 183-216.
Schächtel, W., (1950) ‘Welchen Einfluss hat Art. 3, Abs. 2’. In Recht der Arbeit Vol. 2., Munich: C. H. Becht.
Stern, K. (1988) Das Staatrecht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Vol. ΙΙΙ, Allgemeine Lehren der Grundrechte, Müchen: C.H.Beck.
Stratilatis, C. and Papastylianos, C. (2017) ‘The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights seized by the National Judges, National Report: Greece’. In L. Burgorgue-Larsen (dir), La Charte des Droits Fondamentaux saisie par les juges en Europe / The Charter of Fundamental Rights as apprehended by judges in Europe, Cahiers Européens No 10, Paris, 381-423.
Taylor, G., (2002) ‘Why Should the common law by only indirectly affected by constitutional guarantees?’, Melbourne Law Review, Vol. 26, No. 3.
Taylor, G. (2002) ‘The Horizontal Effect of Human Rights Provisions, the German Model and its Applicability to Common-Law Jurisdictions’, King’s Collage Law Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2: 187-218.
Vlachos, G. K. (1979) Sociology of Rights, 2nd edition. Athens: Papazisi.
Anthopoulos, C. T., (1993) The problem of the functional bindingness of fundamental rights, Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas.
Barak, A., (1996) ‘Constitutional Human Rights and Private Law’. Review Constitutional Studies, Vol. 3.
Barkhysen, Τ., Barkhuysen, S., and Lindenbergh, D., (2006) Constitutionalisation of the Private Law, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Bethge, H., (1977) Zur Problematik von Grundrechtskollisionen, 1st edition. München: Franz Vahlen Verlag.
Black, C. L. Jr., (1967-1968), ‘The Supreme Court, 1966 Term – Foreword: “State Action,” Equal Protection, and California’s Proposition 14’ Harvard Law Review, Vol. 81: 69-109.
Canaris, C.-W., (1999) Grundrechte und Privatrecht: eine Zwischenbilanz Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Canaris, C.-W., (1984) ‘Grundrechte und Privatrecht’, Archiv für die civilistische Praxis, 184: 201-246.
Chemerinksy, E., (1986) ‘Rethinking State Action’. Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 80: 503-57.
Chrysogonos, K. C. and Vlachopoulos, S.V., (2017) Civil and Social Rights, 4th reviewed ed., Athens: Nomiki Vivliothiki.
Konstantinidis, P., (2016) The Horizontal Effect of the Fundamental Rights in the Cypriot Legal Order, Nicosia: Hippasus Publishing.
Dagtoglou, P. D., (2005) Constitutional Law, Individual Rights A’, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Deliyanni, C, Dimitrakou, C. and Akrivopoulou, M., (2015) Fundamental Rights and Private Relations in Greek and European Law, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Demetropoulos, A., (2004) Constitutional Rights, Constitutional Law Tradition, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Denninger, E., (2001) Kommentar zum Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Reihe Alternativkommentare), GG, Vol. 1, No. 31. Munich: Luchterhand.
Dürig, G., (1956) ‚Grundrechte und Zivilrechtsprechung‘. In T. Maunz (ed.), Vom Bonner Grundgesetz zur gesamtdeutschen Verfassung, Festschrift für H. Nawiasky, München: Isar-Verlag.
Düring, G., (1972) ‘Freizügigkeit’. In F. Neumann, H. C. Nipperdez and U. Scheuner (eds), Die Grundrechte. Handbuch der Theorie und Praxis der Grundrechte. Βerlin: Duncker & Humblot.
Huber, H., (1968) ‘Die Bedeutung der Grundrechte für die sozialen Beziehungen unter den Rechtsgenossen’. In E. Forsthoff (ed.), Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Sozialstaatlichkeit: Aufsätze und
Essays. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
Huber, E. R., (1962) Rechtsstaat und Sozialstaat in der modernen, Industriegesellschaft, Oldenburg: Verwaltungs- u. Wirtschaftsakademie.
Iliopoulou-Straga, G., (1990) The horizontal effect of civil and social rights in the 1975 Constitution. Athens: Sakkoulas.
Kerr, Τ. and Cooney, T., (1981) ‘Constitutional Aspects of the Irish Tort Law’ DULJ, 3: 1-16.
Korsou, D., (1972) Korsou, ‘“Civil rights in private law’”. In Xenion Honourary Volume for Panayiotis Zepos, Vol. 1, Athens, Freiburg/Br-Koln.
Leisner, W., (1962) ‘Grundrechte und Privatrecht’, Archiv für die civilistische Praxis, 161. Bd., H. 4.
Loucaides, L., (1998) ‘The right of personality’ [in Greek]. In L. Loucaides, Topics of Cypriot Law, Nicosia: 13-61.
Manesis, A. I., (1981) Constitutional Rights A’ individual freedoms – University traditions, 4th ed. Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas.
Mangoldt, H. von and Klein, F., (1957) Das Bonner Grundgesetz (Kommentar), Grundgesetz, Vol. 1. Munich: Luchterhand.
Manitakis, A., (1994) Rule of Law and Judicial Review of Constitutionality, Athens: Sakkoulas.
Markesinis, S., (1999) ‘Privacy, freedom of expression and the horizontal effect of the Human Rights Bill: Lessons from Germany’. L.Q.R. 115.
Nipperdey, H. C., (1965) Soziale Marktsirtshaft und Grundgesetz, 3rd edition, Cologne: Heymann.
Nipperdey, H. C., (1962) ‘Grundrechte und Privatrecht’. In Festschrift für E. Molitor. Munich: Beck: 1-27.
Nipperdey, H. C., (1950) ‘Gleicher Lohn der Frau für gleiche Leistung’, Recht der Arbeit Vol. 2. Munich: C. H. Becht: 120-145.
Papanicolaou, P. A., (2006) Constitution and the Independence of Private Law, Athens: Sakkoula.
Papasavva, S., (2002) ‘Is There Direct effect of Human Rights in Cypriot Law? Comments and thoughts according the decision of the Hight Court in the Civil Appeal 9931, Yiallouros v. Nicholaou’, Dikaiomata tou Anthropou.
Saunders, C., (2005) ‘Constitutional Rights and the Common Law’. In A. Sajao and R. Uitz (eds), The Constitution in Private Relations Expanding Constitutionalism, The Hague: Eleven International Publishing: 183-216.
Schächtel, W., (1950) ‘Welchen Einfluss hat Art. 3, Abs. 2’. In Recht der Arbeit Vol. 2., Munich: C. H. Becht.
Stern, K. (1988) Das Staatrecht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Vol. ΙΙΙ, Allgemeine Lehren der Grundrechte, Müchen: C.H.Beck.
Stratilatis, C. and Papastylianos, C. (2017) ‘The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights seized by the National Judges, National Report: Greece’. In L. Burgorgue-Larsen (dir), La Charte des Droits Fondamentaux saisie par les juges en Europe / The Charter of Fundamental Rights as apprehended by judges in Europe, Cahiers Européens No 10, Paris, 381-423.
Taylor, G., (2002) ‘Why Should the common law by only indirectly affected by constitutional guarantees?’, Melbourne Law Review, Vol. 26, No. 3.
Taylor, G. (2002) ‘The Horizontal Effect of Human Rights Provisions, the German Model and its Applicability to Common-Law Jurisdictions’, King’s Collage Law Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2: 187-218.
Vlachos, G. K. (1979) Sociology of Rights, 2nd edition. Athens: Papazisi.
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How to Cite
“The Horizontal Effect of Fundamental Rights in the Jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Cyprus”. 2019. Cyprus Review 30 (1): 145-61. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/544.