The Cypriot Doctrine of Necessity within the Context of Emergency Discourse How a Unique Emergency Shaped a Peculiar Type of Emergency Law
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Published
Mar 8, 2019
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Abstract
The doctrine of necessity, which has been enshrined in the Supreme Court’s Ibrahim judgment, emerged as a response to an emergency. Yet, the nature of the emergency has determined the basic characteristics of the doctrine of necessity, which makes it a unique case within the context of emergency law. The doctrine of necessity occurred through a constitutional crisis, which was created by the main political and institutional actors’ strategically oriented activity regarding the application of the Cypriot Constitution during 1960-1963. The crisis lead nearly to the collapse of the state and resulted in the complete incapacity of key state organs to operate. Thus, confronting necessity demanded not for an abrogation from the Constitution in order to increase the effectiveness of the institutions, as in a typical case of emergency, but in order to create the conditions which are necessary for them to operate at a
primary stage. This differentiation determines the degree of similarity between the doctrine of necessity and the dominant paradigm of emergency law, which conceives emergency as a reason for derogation from the rule of law and the core principles of constitutionalism, even temporarily.
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Keywords
constitutional crisis, constitutionalism, doctrine of necessity, emergency law, rights, rule of law, Supreme Court
References
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Sartori, G. (1997) Comparative Constitutional Engineering. New York University Press. E. A. Young (2007) ‘The Constitution Outside the Constitution’. Yale Law Journal Vol. 117, No. 3:
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Scheuerman, W., (2009) ‘Presidentialism and Emergency Government’, in V. Ramraj (ed.), Emergencies and the Limits of Legality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 258-286.
Scheppele, K. L., (2008) ‘Legal and Extralegal Emergencies’. In K. E. Whittington, R. D. Kelemen and G. A. Caldeira (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 165-187.
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Stokes Paulsen, M., (2004) ‘The Constitution of Necessity’. Notre Dame Law Review Vol. 79, No. 4: 1257-1298.
Tsebelis, G. (1990) ‘Elite Interaction and Constitution Building in Consociational Democracies’. Journal of Theoretical Politics Vol. 2, No. 1: 5-29.
Alexy, R. (2010) The Argument From Injustice: A Reply to Legal Positivism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barber, N. W. and Vermuele, A., (2017) ‘The Exceptional Role of Courts in the Constitutional Order’. Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 92, No. 2.
Barber, N. W. (2015) ‘Constitutionalism: Negative and Positive’, Dublin University Law Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2: 249-264. Dyzenhaus, D. (2012) ‘States of Emergency’. In M. Rosenfeld and A. Sajo (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 446-451.
Choudhry, S. and Stacey, S. (2012) ‘Independent or Dependent? Constitutional Courts in Divided Societies’. In C. Harvey and A. Swartz (eds), Rights in Divided Societies. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Cole, D. (2003) ‘Judging the next Emergency: Judicial Review and Individual Rights in Times of Crisis’. Michigan Law Review, Vol. 101, No. 8: .
Corrias, L., (2012) ‘Guises of Sovereignty: “Rogue States” and Democratic States in the International Legal Order’. In W. Wagner, W. Werner and M. Onderco (eds), Deviance in International Relations, ‘Rogue States’ and International Security. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dixon, R. and Ginsburg, T. (2011) ‘Deciding not to Decide: Deferral in Constitutional Design’. International Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 9, No. 3-4: 636-672.
Dyzenhaus, D. (2006) ‘Schmitt v. Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order?’, Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 27.
Emilianides, A. (2006) Beyond the Constitution of Cyprus [in Greek]. Athens: Sakkoulas Publications.
Emilianides, A., (2013) Constitutional Law in Cyprus. The Hague: Kluwer.
Emilianides, A. (2016) ‘The Doctrine of Necessity, 50 years After: ‘Reflections on the Cypriot zeroth law’. In A. Emilianides, C. Papastylianos, and C. Stratilatis, Republic of Cyprus and the Doctrine of Necessity. Athens: Sakoulas Publications.
Elster, J. (2000) Ulysses Unbound. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Elster, J. (2013) Securities against Μisrule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Feldman, L. C., (2013) ‘Lockean Prerogative: Productive Tensions’. In C. Fatovic and B. Kleinerman (eds), Extra-Legal Power and Legitimacy: Perspectives on Prerogative. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 75.
Ferejohn, J. and Pasquinfo, P., (2004) ‘The law of the exception: A typology of emergency powers’. ICON, Vol, 2, No. 2.
Gardbaum, S., (2011) ‘The Structure and Scope of Constitutional Rights’. In T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon (eds), Comparative Constitutional Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Gerken, H., (1971) ‘Exit, Voice and Disloyalty’. Duke Law Journal Vol. 62: 1349-1386.
Goldoni, M. (2018) ‘The Material Constitution’, Modern Law Review, Vol 81 No 4: 567-597.
Gross, O. and Aoláin, F. N., (2006) Law in Times of Crisis: Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gross, O., (2011) ‘Constitutions and Emergency Regimes’. In T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon (eds), Comparative Constitutional Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Hickman, T., (2005) ‘Between Human Rights and the Rule of Law: Indefinite Detention and the Derogation Model of Constitutionalism’. Modern Law Review, Vol. 68, No. 2.
Hogg, P. W., (1989) ‘Necessity in a Constitutional Crisis’. Monash University Law Review, Vol. 15, Nos. 3 & 4 .
Holmes, S. (1995) Passions and Constraints, On the Theory of Liberal Democracy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Humphreys, S., (2006) ‘Normalcy: On the Rule of Law and Authority in Giorgio Agamben and Aristotle’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 19, No. 2.
Issacharoff, S. and Pildes, R., (2005) ‘Between Civil Libertarianism and Executive Unilateralism: An Institutional Process Approach to Rights during War Time’. In M. Tushnet (ed.), The
Constitution in Wartime: Beyond Alarmism and Complacency. Durham, NC: Duke University Press: 161-197.
Kavanagh, A., (2016) ‘The Constitutional Separation of Powers’, in D. Dyzenhaus and M. Thorburn (eds), Philosophical Foundations of Constitutional Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.: 221-240.
Kombos, C. (2015) The Doctrine of Necessity in Constitutional Law. Athens: Sakkoulas Publications.
Krowford, J.R, (2007) The Creation of States in International Law, 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 37-93.
Lerner, H., (2011) Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies. Cambridge University Press.
Levinson, S. and Balkin, J. M., (2009) ‘Constitutional Crises’, in Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 157, No. 3: 707.
Lindahl, H., (2016) ‘Constituent Power and the Constitution’, in Philosophical Foundations of Constitutional Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Linz, J. (1994) ‘Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does it make a Difference?’ In Linz, J. and Valenzuela, A. (eds), The Failure of Presidential Democracy. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
Manitakis, A. (2004) Greek Constitutional Law I [in Greek]. Athens: Sakkoulas Publications.
Mattie, S., (2005) ‘Prerogative and the Rule of Law in John Locke and the Lincoln Presidency’. The Review of Politics Vol. 67, No. 1: 77-111.
Michelman, F. (2001) ‘Constitutional Authorship. In L. Alexander (ed.) Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1605-1629.
Polyviou, P. (2013) Cyprus on the Edge: A Study on Constitutional Survival, Nicosia: Cryssafinis and Polyviou Publications.
Polyviou, P. (2015) The Case of Ibrahim, the Doctrine of Necessity and the Republic of Cyprus. Nicosia: Chryssafinis and Polyviou Publications.
Ramraj, V., (2010) ‘The Emergency Powers Paradox’. In Ramraj, V., and Thiruvengadam, K. (eds), Emergency Powers in Asia: Exploring the Limits of Legality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ruthergerlen, G. (2017) ‘The Rule of Law in Reconstruction: A Review of Secession on Trial: The Treason Prosecution of Jefferson Davis, by Cynthia Nicolleti’. Virginia Law Review, Vol. 103.
Sartori, G. (1997) Comparative Constitutional Engineering. New York University Press. E. A. Young (2007) ‘The Constitution Outside the Constitution’. Yale Law Journal Vol. 117, No. 3:
408-473.
Scheuerman, W., (2009) ‘Presidentialism and Emergency Government’, in V. Ramraj (ed.), Emergencies and the Limits of Legality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 258-286.
Scheppele, K. L., (2008) ‘Legal and Extralegal Emergencies’. In K. E. Whittington, R. D. Kelemen and G. A. Caldeira (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 165-187.
Soulioti, S. (2006) Fettered Independence: Cyprus, 1878-1964, Vol 1. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota University Press.
Stokes Paulsen, M., (2004) ‘The Constitution of Necessity’. Notre Dame Law Review Vol. 79, No. 4: 1257-1298.
Tsebelis, G. (1990) ‘Elite Interaction and Constitution Building in Consociational Democracies’. Journal of Theoretical Politics Vol. 2, No. 1: 5-29.
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“The Cypriot Doctrine of Necessity Within the Context of Emergency Discourse: How a Unique Emergency Shaped a Peculiar Type of Emergency Law”. 2019. Cyprus Review 30 (1): 113-43. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/542.