Inclusiveness and the Perceived Legitimacy of Peace Treaties Findings from a Survey Experiment in Northern Cyprus
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Abstract
Participation at the negotiation table for finding peace agreements can be conceptualised as a peacebuilding function of civil society but studies which measure the impact of civil society’s participation at the negotiation table are distinctly scarce. Do people perceive inclusive peace treaties to be more legitimate? The study focuses on this question by gathering and analysing data from 400 Turkish Cypriots. The survey experiment suggests that inclusiveness does not influence the perceived legitimacy of peace treaties. The implications of this finding for conflict resolution are discussed.
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Keywords
civil society, Cyprus, Legitimacy beliefs, peace-making, peacebuilding, peace negotiations, peace treaties
References
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Barnes, C. (2009) ‘Civil Society and Peacebuilding: Mapping Functions in working for Peace’, The International Spectator, vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 131–147.
Bohman, J. (2009) ‘Epistemic value and Deliberative Democracy’, The Good Society, vol. 1 , No. 2, pp. 2 –34.
Bowler, S., Donovan, T. and Karp, J.A. (2007) ‘Enraged or Engaged? Preferences for Direct Citizen Participation in Affluent Democracies’, Political Research Quarterly, vol. 60, No. 3, pp.351–362.
Bush,K. and Duggan, C. (2014) ‘How Can research Contribute to Peacebuilding?’, Peacebuilding, vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 303–321.
Call, C.T. (200 ) ‘Knowing Peace when you See It: Setting Standards for Peacebuilding Success’, Civil Wars, vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 173–194.
Cavalcanti, C., Schläpfer, F. and Schmid, B. (2010) ‘Public Participation and willingness to Cooperate in Common-Pool resource Management: A Field Experiment with Fishing Communities in Brazil’, Ecological Economics, vol. 6 , No. 3, pp. 613–622.
Chigas, D. (2014) ‘The role and Effectiveness of Non-governmental Third Parties in Peacebuilding’, in Fritz, M. (ed.), Moving Toward a Just Peace. Netherlands: Springer, pp. 273–315.
Cohen, J. (1 7) ‘Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy’, in Bohman, J. and. rehg, w. (eds), Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 67– 91.
Çuhadar-Gürkaynak, E., Dayton, B. and Paffenholz, T. (200 ) ‘Evaluation in Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding’, in Sandole, D.J.D., Byrne, S., Staroste, I.S. and Senehi, J. (eds), Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 286–229.
Cunningham, D.E. (2013) ‘Who Should be at the Table?: Veto Players and Peace Processes in Civil War’, Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs, vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 38–47.
Cyprus Mail (2015) ‘Eide: Leaders will Need the Support of the People’, in Cyprus Mail 1 July 2015. Available at: [http://cyprus-mail.com/2015/07/01/eide-leaders-will-need-thesupport-
of-the-people/], last accessed on 7 December 2015.
De Fine Licht, J. (2011) ‘Do we really want to Know? The Potentially Negative Effect of Transparency in Decision Making on Perceived Legitimacy’, Scandinavian Political Studies,
vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 183–201.
De Fine Licht, J., Naurin, D., Esaiasson, P. and Gilljam, M. (2014) ‘When does Transparency Generate Legitimacy? Experimenting on a Context-Bound relationship’, Governance, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 111–134.
Diehl, P.F. and Druckman, D. (2010) Evaluating Peace Operations. Boulder, Co/London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Esaiasson, P. (2010) ‘will Citizens Take No for an Answer? what Government officials can do to Enhance Decision Acceptance’, European Political Science Review, vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 351–371.
Esaiasson, P., Gilljam, M. and Persson, M. (2012) ‘Which Decision-making Arrangements Generate the Strongest Legitimacy Beliefs? Evidence from a Randomised Field Experiment’,
European Journal of Political Research, vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 785–808.
Estlund, D. (2008) Democratic Authority: A Philosophical Framework. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Fast, L.A. and Neufeldt, r.C. (2005) ‘Envisioning Success: Building Blocks for Strategic and Comprehensive Peace-building Impact Evaluation’, Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 24–41.
Galtung, J. (1964) ‘An Editorial’, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1–4.
Gangl, A. (2000) ‘It isn’t Fair: Do Perceptions of Procedural Justice in Evaluations of Congress Matter More than Getting what you want’. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago, IL, April.
Gash, A. and Murakami, M. (2009) ‘Courts, Legislatures, and Ballot Initiatives: How Policy Venue Affects Public Acceptance’. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Toronto.
Goodin, R.E. (200 ) Innovating Democracy: Democratic Theory and Practice after the Deliberative Turn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grönlund, K., Setälä, M. and Herne, K. (2010) ‘Deliberation and Civic Virtue: Lessons from a Citizen Deliberation Experiment’, European Political Science Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.
95–117.
Habermas, J. (1 6) Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hibbing, J.R. and Theiss-Morse, E. (2002a) Stealth Democracy: American’s Beliefs about How Government Should Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hibbing, J.R. and Theiss-Morse, E. (2002b) ‘The Perils of voice: Political Involvement’s Potential to Delegitimate’. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Boston, MA: 2 August.
Kanol, D. (2015) ‘Civil Society at the Negotiation Table, Legitimacy Beliefs and Durable Peace’, Peace and Conflict Studies, vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 3–17.
Kumar, K. (1993) ‘Civil Society: An Inquiry into the Usefulness of an Historical Term’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 375–395.
Lind, E.A. and Tyler, T.r. (1 ) The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. New York: Plenum Press.
Manin, B. (1987) ‘on Legitimacy and Political Deliberation’, Political Theory, vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 33 –36.
Marchetti, R. and Tocci, N. (2009) ‘Conflict Society: Understanding the role of Civic Society in Conflict’, Global Change, Peace & Security, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 201–217.
Morrell, M.E. (1999) ‘Citizen’s Evaluations of Participatory Democratic Procedures: Normative Theory Meets Empirical Science’, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 293–322.
Nilsson, D. (2012) ‘Anchoring the Peace: Civil Society Actors in Peace Accords and Durable Peace’, International Interactions, Vol. 3 , No. 2, pp. 243–266.
Olken, B.A. (2010) ‘Direct Democracy and Local Public Goods: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 243–267.
Paffenholz, T. (2010) Civil Society and Peacebuilding: A Critical Assessment. Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Paffenholz, T. (2014) ‘Civil Society and Peace Negotiations: Beyond the Inclusion–Exclusion Dichotomy’, Negotiation Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 69–91.
Paffenholz, T, and Spurk, C. (2010) ‘A Comprehensive Analytical Framework’, in Paffenholz, T. (ed.), Civil Society and Peacebuilding: A Critical Assessment. Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 65–76.
Persson, M., Esaiasson, P. and Gilljam, M. (2013) ‘The Effects of Direct voting and Deliberation on Legitimacy Beliefs: An Experimental Study of Small Group Decision-Making’, European Political Science Review, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 381–399 .
Special European Union Programmes Body (SEUPB) (2007) ‘A Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Peace-Building’. report by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
Spurk, C. (2010) ‘Understanding Civil Society’, in Paffenholz, T. (ed.), Civil Society and Peacebuilding: A Critical Assessment. Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner, pp. 3–27.
Stedman, S.J. (1997) ‘Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes’, International Security, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 5–53.
Stromer-Galley, J. and Muhlberger, P. (2009) ‘Agreement and Disagreement in Group Deliberation: Effects on Deliberation Satisfaction, Future Engagement, and Decision Legitimacy’, Political Communication, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 173–192.
Sutter, M., Haigner, S. and Kocher, M.G. (2010) ‘Choosing the Carrot or the Stick? Endogenous Institutional Choice in Social Dilemma Situations’, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 1540–1566.
Tyler, T.r., Boeckmann, r.J., Smith, H.J. and Huo, y.J. (1997) Social Justice in a Diverse Society. Boulder, Co: Westview Press.
Ulbig, S.G. (200 ) ‘voice is not Enough: The Importance of Influence in Political Trust and Policy Assessments’, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 523–539.
Wanis-St. John, A. and Kew, D. (2008) ‘Civil Society and Peace Negotiations: Confronting Exclusion’, International Negotiation, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 11–36.
Zanker, F. (2013) ‘Legitimate Representation in Mediation Process: Civil Society Involvement in Liberia and Kenya’, Mediation Arguments, vol. 1, pp. 1–22.
Zanker, F. (2014) ‘Legitimate Representation: Civil Society Actors in Peace Negotiations revisited’, International Negotiation, Vol. 1 , No. 1, pp. 62–88.
Zhang, w. (2015) ‘Perceived Procedural Fairness in Deliberation Predictors and Effects’, Communication Research, vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 345–364.
Barnes, C. (2009) ‘Civil Society and Peacebuilding: Mapping Functions in working for Peace’, The International Spectator, vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 131–147.
Bohman, J. (2009) ‘Epistemic value and Deliberative Democracy’, The Good Society, vol. 1 , No. 2, pp. 2 –34.
Bowler, S., Donovan, T. and Karp, J.A. (2007) ‘Enraged or Engaged? Preferences for Direct Citizen Participation in Affluent Democracies’, Political Research Quarterly, vol. 60, No. 3, pp.351–362.
Bush,K. and Duggan, C. (2014) ‘How Can research Contribute to Peacebuilding?’, Peacebuilding, vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 303–321.
Call, C.T. (200 ) ‘Knowing Peace when you See It: Setting Standards for Peacebuilding Success’, Civil Wars, vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 173–194.
Cavalcanti, C., Schläpfer, F. and Schmid, B. (2010) ‘Public Participation and willingness to Cooperate in Common-Pool resource Management: A Field Experiment with Fishing Communities in Brazil’, Ecological Economics, vol. 6 , No. 3, pp. 613–622.
Chigas, D. (2014) ‘The role and Effectiveness of Non-governmental Third Parties in Peacebuilding’, in Fritz, M. (ed.), Moving Toward a Just Peace. Netherlands: Springer, pp. 273–315.
Cohen, J. (1 7) ‘Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy’, in Bohman, J. and. rehg, w. (eds), Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 67– 91.
Çuhadar-Gürkaynak, E., Dayton, B. and Paffenholz, T. (200 ) ‘Evaluation in Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding’, in Sandole, D.J.D., Byrne, S., Staroste, I.S. and Senehi, J. (eds), Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 286–229.
Cunningham, D.E. (2013) ‘Who Should be at the Table?: Veto Players and Peace Processes in Civil War’, Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs, vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 38–47.
Cyprus Mail (2015) ‘Eide: Leaders will Need the Support of the People’, in Cyprus Mail 1 July 2015. Available at: [http://cyprus-mail.com/2015/07/01/eide-leaders-will-need-thesupport-
of-the-people/], last accessed on 7 December 2015.
De Fine Licht, J. (2011) ‘Do we really want to Know? The Potentially Negative Effect of Transparency in Decision Making on Perceived Legitimacy’, Scandinavian Political Studies,
vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 183–201.
De Fine Licht, J., Naurin, D., Esaiasson, P. and Gilljam, M. (2014) ‘When does Transparency Generate Legitimacy? Experimenting on a Context-Bound relationship’, Governance, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 111–134.
Diehl, P.F. and Druckman, D. (2010) Evaluating Peace Operations. Boulder, Co/London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Esaiasson, P. (2010) ‘will Citizens Take No for an Answer? what Government officials can do to Enhance Decision Acceptance’, European Political Science Review, vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 351–371.
Esaiasson, P., Gilljam, M. and Persson, M. (2012) ‘Which Decision-making Arrangements Generate the Strongest Legitimacy Beliefs? Evidence from a Randomised Field Experiment’,
European Journal of Political Research, vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 785–808.
Estlund, D. (2008) Democratic Authority: A Philosophical Framework. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Fast, L.A. and Neufeldt, r.C. (2005) ‘Envisioning Success: Building Blocks for Strategic and Comprehensive Peace-building Impact Evaluation’, Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 24–41.
Galtung, J. (1964) ‘An Editorial’, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1–4.
Gangl, A. (2000) ‘It isn’t Fair: Do Perceptions of Procedural Justice in Evaluations of Congress Matter More than Getting what you want’. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago, IL, April.
Gash, A. and Murakami, M. (2009) ‘Courts, Legislatures, and Ballot Initiatives: How Policy Venue Affects Public Acceptance’. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Toronto.
Goodin, R.E. (200 ) Innovating Democracy: Democratic Theory and Practice after the Deliberative Turn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grönlund, K., Setälä, M. and Herne, K. (2010) ‘Deliberation and Civic Virtue: Lessons from a Citizen Deliberation Experiment’, European Political Science Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.
95–117.
Habermas, J. (1 6) Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hibbing, J.R. and Theiss-Morse, E. (2002a) Stealth Democracy: American’s Beliefs about How Government Should Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hibbing, J.R. and Theiss-Morse, E. (2002b) ‘The Perils of voice: Political Involvement’s Potential to Delegitimate’. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Boston, MA: 2 August.
Kanol, D. (2015) ‘Civil Society at the Negotiation Table, Legitimacy Beliefs and Durable Peace’, Peace and Conflict Studies, vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 3–17.
Kumar, K. (1993) ‘Civil Society: An Inquiry into the Usefulness of an Historical Term’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 375–395.
Lind, E.A. and Tyler, T.r. (1 ) The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. New York: Plenum Press.
Manin, B. (1987) ‘on Legitimacy and Political Deliberation’, Political Theory, vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 33 –36.
Marchetti, R. and Tocci, N. (2009) ‘Conflict Society: Understanding the role of Civic Society in Conflict’, Global Change, Peace & Security, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 201–217.
Morrell, M.E. (1999) ‘Citizen’s Evaluations of Participatory Democratic Procedures: Normative Theory Meets Empirical Science’, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 293–322.
Nilsson, D. (2012) ‘Anchoring the Peace: Civil Society Actors in Peace Accords and Durable Peace’, International Interactions, Vol. 3 , No. 2, pp. 243–266.
Olken, B.A. (2010) ‘Direct Democracy and Local Public Goods: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 243–267.
Paffenholz, T. (2010) Civil Society and Peacebuilding: A Critical Assessment. Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Paffenholz, T. (2014) ‘Civil Society and Peace Negotiations: Beyond the Inclusion–Exclusion Dichotomy’, Negotiation Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 69–91.
Paffenholz, T, and Spurk, C. (2010) ‘A Comprehensive Analytical Framework’, in Paffenholz, T. (ed.), Civil Society and Peacebuilding: A Critical Assessment. Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 65–76.
Persson, M., Esaiasson, P. and Gilljam, M. (2013) ‘The Effects of Direct voting and Deliberation on Legitimacy Beliefs: An Experimental Study of Small Group Decision-Making’, European Political Science Review, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 381–399 .
Special European Union Programmes Body (SEUPB) (2007) ‘A Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Peace-Building’. report by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
Spurk, C. (2010) ‘Understanding Civil Society’, in Paffenholz, T. (ed.), Civil Society and Peacebuilding: A Critical Assessment. Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner, pp. 3–27.
Stedman, S.J. (1997) ‘Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes’, International Security, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 5–53.
Stromer-Galley, J. and Muhlberger, P. (2009) ‘Agreement and Disagreement in Group Deliberation: Effects on Deliberation Satisfaction, Future Engagement, and Decision Legitimacy’, Political Communication, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 173–192.
Sutter, M., Haigner, S. and Kocher, M.G. (2010) ‘Choosing the Carrot or the Stick? Endogenous Institutional Choice in Social Dilemma Situations’, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 1540–1566.
Tyler, T.r., Boeckmann, r.J., Smith, H.J. and Huo, y.J. (1997) Social Justice in a Diverse Society. Boulder, Co: Westview Press.
Ulbig, S.G. (200 ) ‘voice is not Enough: The Importance of Influence in Political Trust and Policy Assessments’, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 523–539.
Wanis-St. John, A. and Kew, D. (2008) ‘Civil Society and Peace Negotiations: Confronting Exclusion’, International Negotiation, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 11–36.
Zanker, F. (2013) ‘Legitimate Representation in Mediation Process: Civil Society Involvement in Liberia and Kenya’, Mediation Arguments, vol. 1, pp. 1–22.
Zanker, F. (2014) ‘Legitimate Representation: Civil Society Actors in Peace Negotiations revisited’, International Negotiation, Vol. 1 , No. 1, pp. 62–88.
Zhang, w. (2015) ‘Perceived Procedural Fairness in Deliberation Predictors and Effects’, Communication Research, vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 345–364.
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“Inclusiveness and the Perceived Legitimacy of Peace Treaties: Findings from a Survey Experiment in Northern Cyprus”. 2017. Cyprus Review 27 (2): 89-104. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/48.