The Politics of Memory and Forgetting in Pedagogical Practices Towards Pedagogies of Reconciliation and Peace in Divided Cyprus
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Abstract
Being raised in a divided country, we are deeply concerned with the ideological and affective practices that are used to perpetuate the existing stereotypes about the Other within each community. Using as a point of departure our own personal narratives – one of us is a Greek Cypriot (G/C) and the other Turkish Cypriot (T/C) – depicting the circulation of nationalistic technologies in education, this paper examines the prospects of peace and reconciliation education in Cyprus. The premise on which this paper rests – that nationalistic education is a problem – is not new; that premise is not the most important contribution of this paper. The more important contribution is the analysis and sorting through the G/C and T/C nationalistic pedagogical practices, to figure out ways to disrupt those practices and invoke pedagogies of reconciliation and peace in both communities. We also emphasise the importance of considering personal narratives of past trauma in critical terms to help us re-learn the wisdom of forgetting in order to remember that the weight of the past should not stand in the way of the future
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References
Abu-Lughod, L. and Lutz, C.A. (1990) ‘Introduction: Emotion, Discourse, and the Politics of Everyday Life’ in Lutz, C. and Abu-Lughod, L. (eds.), Language and the Politics of Emotion. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-23.
Ahmed, S. (2004) The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh, UK, Edinburgh University Press.
Aho, J.A. (1994) This Thing of Darkness: A Sociology of the Enemy. Seattle, University of Washington Press.
AKTI-Project and Research Centre (2004) Report on the History and Literature Textbooks of 6th Grade in Terms of Promoting Violence and Nationalism. Nicosia, AKTI.
Anderson, B. (1983/1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London, Verso.
Apple, M. (1979) Ideology and Curriculum. London, Routledge.
Bekerman, Z. and Maoz, I. (2005) ‘Troubles with Identity: Obstacles to Coexistence Education in Conflict Ridden Societies’, Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, Vol. 5, pp. 341-357.
Boler, M. and Zembylas, M. (2003) ‘Discomforting Truths: The Emotional Terrain of Understanding Differences’ in Tryfona, P. (ed.), Pedagogies of Difference: Rethinking Education for Social Justice. New York, Routledge, pp. 110-136.
Broome, B. (1991) ‘Building Shared Meaning: Implications of a Relational Approach to Empathy for Teaching Intercultural Communication’, Communication Education, Vol. 40, pp. 235-249.
Broome, B. (1993) ‘Managing Differences in Conflict Resolution: The Role of Relational Empathy’ in Sandole, D.J. and van der Merwe, H. (eds.), Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice: Integration and Application. New York, Manchester University Press, pp. 97-111.
Broome, B. (1997) ‘Designing a Collective Approach to Peace: Interactive Design and Problemsolving Workshops with Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot Communities in Cyprus’, International Negotiation, Vol. 2, pp. 381-407.
Broome, B. (1998) ‘Overview of Conflict Resolution Activities in Cyprus: Their Contribution to the Peace Process’, The Cyprus Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 47-66.
Broome, B. (1999) ‘Inter-communal Contacts Help Build Links for the Future of Cyprus’, Washington Reports on Middle East Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 69-71.
Broome, B. (2001) ‘Participatory Planning and Design in a Protracted Conflict Resolution: Applications with Citizen Peace-building Groups in Cyprus’, Systems Research and Behavioural Science, Vol. 18, pp. 1-9.
Broome, B. (2003) ‘Responding to the Challenges of Third-party Facilitation: Reflections of a Scholar-Practitioner in the Cyprus Conflict’, Journal of Intergroup Relations, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 24-43.
Broome, B. (2004a) ‘Reaching Across the Dividing Line: Building a Collective Vision for Peace in Cyprus,’ International Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 41, pp. 191-209.
Broome, B. (2004b) ‘Building a Shared Future across the Divide: Identity and Conflict in Cyprus’ in Fong, M. and Chuang, R. (eds.), Communicating Ethnic and Cultural Identity. Lanham, MD, Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 275-294.
Bryant, R. (1998) ‘An Education in Honour: Patriotism and the Schools of Cyprus’ in Calotychos, V. (ed.), Cyprus and its People: Nation, Identity, and Experience in an Unimaginable Community, 1955-1997. Boulder, CO, Westview Press, pp. 69-84.
Bryant, R. (2001) ‘An Aesthetics of Self: Moral Remaking and Cypriot Education’, Comparative Study of Society and History, Vol. 43, pp. 583-614.
Bryant, R. (2004) Imagining the Modern: The Cultures of Nationalism in Cyprus. London, IB Tauris.
Cohen, C.E. (1997) ‘A Poetics of Reconciliation: The Aesthetic Mediation of Conflict’. Unpublished Thesis, University of New Hampshire.
Davies, L. (2004) Education and Conflict: Complexity and Chaos. New York, Routledge.
Denzin, N. (1997) Interpretive Ethnography: Ethnographic Practices for the 21st Century. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
Eppert, C. (2003) ‘Histories Re-imagined, Forgotten and Forgiven: Student Responses to Toni Morrison’s Beloved’, Changing English, Vol. 10, pp. 185-194.
Foucault, M. (2003) Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the College de France, 1975-1976 (ed. A.I. Davidson et al., trans. D. Macey). New York, Picador.
Hajipavlou-Trigiorgis, M. (1998) ‘Different Relationships to the Land: Personal Narratives, Political Implications and Future Possibilities’ in Calotychos, V. (ed.), Cyprus and its People: Nation, Identity, and Experience in an Unimaginable Community, 1955-1997. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 251-276.
Hadjipavlou, M. (2002) ‘Cyprus: A Partnership between Conflict Resolution and Peace Education’ in Salomon, G. and Nevo, B. (eds.), Peace Education: The Concept, Principles and Practices around the World. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 193-208.
Holstein, J.A. and Gubrium, J.F. (2000) The Self We Live By: Narrative Identity in a Postmodern World. New York, Oxford University Press.
Karahasan, H. (2003) A Levinasian Reading of Cypriot Poetry: Nationalism as Other, and its Role in Selected Works of Mehmet Yasın, Nese Yasın, and Faize Özdemirciler. Gazimagusa: Eastern Mediterranean University, Unpublished Master of Arts Thesis in English Studies, September 2003.
Karahasan, H. (2005) ‘Different Narratives, Different Stories: The Language of Narrative and Interpretation’, Journal for Cyprus Studies, Vol. 11, No. 28/29, pp. 115-127.
Kızılyürek, N. (1993) Ulus ötesi Kıbrıs/I Kypros Peran tou Ethnous. [Cyprus beyond Nation]. Nicosia, Cassoulides.
Klein, K.L. (2000) ‘On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse’, Representations, Vol. 69, pp. 127-150.
Kreuzer, P. (2002) Applying Theories of Ethno-cultural Conflict and Conflict Resolution to Collective Violence in Indonesia. Frankfurt, Peace Research Institute of Frankfurt.
Loizos, P. (1998) ‘How Might Turkish and Greek Cypriots See Each Other More Clearly?’ in Calotychos, V. (ed.), Cyprus and its People: Nation, Identity, and Experience in an Unimaginable Community, 1955-1997. Boulder, CO, Westview Press, pp. 35-52.
Lupton, D. (1998) The Emotional Self: A Sociocultural Exploration. London, Sage.
Lutz, C. and Abu-Lughod, L. (eds.) (1990) Language and the Politics of Emotion. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
McKnight, A. (2004) ‘Historical Trauma, the Persistent of Memory and the Pedagogical Problems of Forgiveness, Justice and Peace’, Educational Studies: A Journal of the American Educational Studies Association, Vol. 36, pp. 140-158.
Miall, H., Ramsbotham, O. and Woodhouse, T. (2000) Contemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Management, and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts. Cambridge, Polity Press.
Montgomery, K.E. (2005) ‘Banal Race-thinking: Ties of Blood. Canadian History Textbooks and Ethnic Nationalism’, Paedagogica Historica, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 313-336.
Papadakis, Y. (1993) Perceptions of History and Collective Identity: A Comparison of Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot Perspectives. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge.
Papadakis, Y. (1995) ‘Nationalist Imaginings of War in Cyprus’ in Hinde, R. and Watson, H. (eds.), War, a Cruel Necessity? The Bases of Institutionalized Violence. London, IB Tauris, pp. 54-67.
Papadakis, Y. (1998) ‘Greek Cypriot Narratives of History and Collective Identity: Nationalism as a Contested Process’, American Ethnologist, Vol. 25, pp. 149-165.
POST Research Institute (2004) Education for Peace: Pilot Application for the History and Literature Books of the 5th Grade of the Elementary School. Nicosia, POST.
Ramanathapillai, R. (2006) ‘The Politicizing of Trauma: A Case Study of Sri Lanka’, Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, Vol. 12, pp. 1-18.
Ricoeur, P. (1999) ‘Memory and Forgetting’ in Earney, R.K. and Ooley, M.D. (eds.), Questioning Ethics: Contemporary Debates in Philosophy. New York, Routledge, pp. 5-11.
Ropers-Huilman, B. (1999) ‘Witnessing: Critical Inquiry in a Poststructural World’, Qualitative Studies in Education, Vol. 12, pp. 21-35.
Sant Cassia, P. (2006) ‘Guarding Each Other’s Dead, Mourning One’s Own: The Problem of Missing Persons and Missing Pasts in Cyprus’, South European Society and Politics, Vol. 11, pp. 111-128.
Shor, I. (1992) Empowering Education: Critical Teaching for Social Change. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Simon, R. and Eppert, C. (1997) ‘Remembering Obligation: Pedagogy and the Witnessing of Testimony of Historical Trauma’, Canadian Journal of Education, Vol. 22, pp. 175-191.
Spinner-Halev, J. (2003) ‘Education, Reconciliation and Nested Identities’, Theory and Research in Education, Vol. 1, pp. 51-72.
Spyrou, S. (2000) ‘Education, Ideology and the National Self: The Social Practice of Identity Construction in the Classroom, The Cyprus Review, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 61-81.
Spyrou, S. (2001a) ‘Those on the Other Side: Ethnic Identity and Imagination in Greek-Cypriot Children’s Lives’ in Schwartzman, H.B. (ed.), Children and Anthropology: Perspectives for the 21st Century. London, Bergin and Garvey, pp. 167-185.
Spyrou, S. (2001b) ‘Being One and More than One: Greek Cypriot Children and Ethnic Identity in the Flow of Everyday Life’, disClosure, Vol. 10, pp. 73-94.
Spyrou, S. (2002) ‘Images of “the Other”: The Turk in Greek Cypriot Children’s Imaginations’, Race, Ethnicity and Education, Vol. 5, pp. 255-272.
Spyrou, S. (2006) ‘Constructing “the Turk” as an Enemy: The Complexity of Stereotypes in Children’s Everyday Worlds’, South European Society and Politics, Vol. 11, pp. 95-110.
Stradling, R. (2001) Teaching 20th Century European History. Council of Europe Publishing.
Theodossopoulos, D. (2006) ‘Introduction: The “Turks” in the Imagination of the “Greeks”’, South European Society and Politics, Vol. 11, pp. 1-32.
Volkan, V. (1979) Cyprus-War and Adaptation: A Psychoanalytic History of two Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia.
Volkan, V. (1988) The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: From Clinical Practice to International Relationships. Northvale, NJ, Jason Aronson.
Volkan, V. (1997) Bloodlines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism. Boulder, CO, Westview.
Worsham, L. (2001) ‘Going Postal: Pedagogic Violence and the Schooling of Emotion’ in Giroux, H. and Myrsiades, K. (eds.), Beyond the Corporate University: Culture and Pedagogy in the New Millennium. New York and Oxford, Rowman and Littlfield, pp. 229-265.
Yashin, N. (2002) ‘School is a Textbook: Symbolism and Rituals in Turkish Cypriot Schools’ in Koulouri, C. (ed.), Clio in the Balkans: The Politics of History Education. Thessalonica, Centre for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe, pp. 414-422.
Zembylas, M. (2006) ‘Witnessing in the Classroom: The Ethics and Politics of Affect’, Educational Theory, Vol. 56, pp. 305-324.
Zembylas, M. and Boler, M. (2002) ‘On the Spirit of Patriotism: Challenges of a “Pedagogy of Discomfort”’, Special issue on Education and September 11. Teachers College Record On-line.
Ahmed, S. (2004) The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh, UK, Edinburgh University Press.
Aho, J.A. (1994) This Thing of Darkness: A Sociology of the Enemy. Seattle, University of Washington Press.
AKTI-Project and Research Centre (2004) Report on the History and Literature Textbooks of 6th Grade in Terms of Promoting Violence and Nationalism. Nicosia, AKTI.
Anderson, B. (1983/1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London, Verso.
Apple, M. (1979) Ideology and Curriculum. London, Routledge.
Bekerman, Z. and Maoz, I. (2005) ‘Troubles with Identity: Obstacles to Coexistence Education in Conflict Ridden Societies’, Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, Vol. 5, pp. 341-357.
Boler, M. and Zembylas, M. (2003) ‘Discomforting Truths: The Emotional Terrain of Understanding Differences’ in Tryfona, P. (ed.), Pedagogies of Difference: Rethinking Education for Social Justice. New York, Routledge, pp. 110-136.
Broome, B. (1991) ‘Building Shared Meaning: Implications of a Relational Approach to Empathy for Teaching Intercultural Communication’, Communication Education, Vol. 40, pp. 235-249.
Broome, B. (1993) ‘Managing Differences in Conflict Resolution: The Role of Relational Empathy’ in Sandole, D.J. and van der Merwe, H. (eds.), Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice: Integration and Application. New York, Manchester University Press, pp. 97-111.
Broome, B. (1997) ‘Designing a Collective Approach to Peace: Interactive Design and Problemsolving Workshops with Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot Communities in Cyprus’, International Negotiation, Vol. 2, pp. 381-407.
Broome, B. (1998) ‘Overview of Conflict Resolution Activities in Cyprus: Their Contribution to the Peace Process’, The Cyprus Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 47-66.
Broome, B. (1999) ‘Inter-communal Contacts Help Build Links for the Future of Cyprus’, Washington Reports on Middle East Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 69-71.
Broome, B. (2001) ‘Participatory Planning and Design in a Protracted Conflict Resolution: Applications with Citizen Peace-building Groups in Cyprus’, Systems Research and Behavioural Science, Vol. 18, pp. 1-9.
Broome, B. (2003) ‘Responding to the Challenges of Third-party Facilitation: Reflections of a Scholar-Practitioner in the Cyprus Conflict’, Journal of Intergroup Relations, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 24-43.
Broome, B. (2004a) ‘Reaching Across the Dividing Line: Building a Collective Vision for Peace in Cyprus,’ International Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 41, pp. 191-209.
Broome, B. (2004b) ‘Building a Shared Future across the Divide: Identity and Conflict in Cyprus’ in Fong, M. and Chuang, R. (eds.), Communicating Ethnic and Cultural Identity. Lanham, MD, Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 275-294.
Bryant, R. (1998) ‘An Education in Honour: Patriotism and the Schools of Cyprus’ in Calotychos, V. (ed.), Cyprus and its People: Nation, Identity, and Experience in an Unimaginable Community, 1955-1997. Boulder, CO, Westview Press, pp. 69-84.
Bryant, R. (2001) ‘An Aesthetics of Self: Moral Remaking and Cypriot Education’, Comparative Study of Society and History, Vol. 43, pp. 583-614.
Bryant, R. (2004) Imagining the Modern: The Cultures of Nationalism in Cyprus. London, IB Tauris.
Cohen, C.E. (1997) ‘A Poetics of Reconciliation: The Aesthetic Mediation of Conflict’. Unpublished Thesis, University of New Hampshire.
Davies, L. (2004) Education and Conflict: Complexity and Chaos. New York, Routledge.
Denzin, N. (1997) Interpretive Ethnography: Ethnographic Practices for the 21st Century. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
Eppert, C. (2003) ‘Histories Re-imagined, Forgotten and Forgiven: Student Responses to Toni Morrison’s Beloved’, Changing English, Vol. 10, pp. 185-194.
Foucault, M. (2003) Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the College de France, 1975-1976 (ed. A.I. Davidson et al., trans. D. Macey). New York, Picador.
Hajipavlou-Trigiorgis, M. (1998) ‘Different Relationships to the Land: Personal Narratives, Political Implications and Future Possibilities’ in Calotychos, V. (ed.), Cyprus and its People: Nation, Identity, and Experience in an Unimaginable Community, 1955-1997. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 251-276.
Hadjipavlou, M. (2002) ‘Cyprus: A Partnership between Conflict Resolution and Peace Education’ in Salomon, G. and Nevo, B. (eds.), Peace Education: The Concept, Principles and Practices around the World. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 193-208.
Holstein, J.A. and Gubrium, J.F. (2000) The Self We Live By: Narrative Identity in a Postmodern World. New York, Oxford University Press.
Karahasan, H. (2003) A Levinasian Reading of Cypriot Poetry: Nationalism as Other, and its Role in Selected Works of Mehmet Yasın, Nese Yasın, and Faize Özdemirciler. Gazimagusa: Eastern Mediterranean University, Unpublished Master of Arts Thesis in English Studies, September 2003.
Karahasan, H. (2005) ‘Different Narratives, Different Stories: The Language of Narrative and Interpretation’, Journal for Cyprus Studies, Vol. 11, No. 28/29, pp. 115-127.
Kızılyürek, N. (1993) Ulus ötesi Kıbrıs/I Kypros Peran tou Ethnous. [Cyprus beyond Nation]. Nicosia, Cassoulides.
Klein, K.L. (2000) ‘On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse’, Representations, Vol. 69, pp. 127-150.
Kreuzer, P. (2002) Applying Theories of Ethno-cultural Conflict and Conflict Resolution to Collective Violence in Indonesia. Frankfurt, Peace Research Institute of Frankfurt.
Loizos, P. (1998) ‘How Might Turkish and Greek Cypriots See Each Other More Clearly?’ in Calotychos, V. (ed.), Cyprus and its People: Nation, Identity, and Experience in an Unimaginable Community, 1955-1997. Boulder, CO, Westview Press, pp. 35-52.
Lupton, D. (1998) The Emotional Self: A Sociocultural Exploration. London, Sage.
Lutz, C. and Abu-Lughod, L. (eds.) (1990) Language and the Politics of Emotion. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
McKnight, A. (2004) ‘Historical Trauma, the Persistent of Memory and the Pedagogical Problems of Forgiveness, Justice and Peace’, Educational Studies: A Journal of the American Educational Studies Association, Vol. 36, pp. 140-158.
Miall, H., Ramsbotham, O. and Woodhouse, T. (2000) Contemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Management, and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts. Cambridge, Polity Press.
Montgomery, K.E. (2005) ‘Banal Race-thinking: Ties of Blood. Canadian History Textbooks and Ethnic Nationalism’, Paedagogica Historica, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 313-336.
Papadakis, Y. (1993) Perceptions of History and Collective Identity: A Comparison of Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot Perspectives. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge.
Papadakis, Y. (1995) ‘Nationalist Imaginings of War in Cyprus’ in Hinde, R. and Watson, H. (eds.), War, a Cruel Necessity? The Bases of Institutionalized Violence. London, IB Tauris, pp. 54-67.
Papadakis, Y. (1998) ‘Greek Cypriot Narratives of History and Collective Identity: Nationalism as a Contested Process’, American Ethnologist, Vol. 25, pp. 149-165.
POST Research Institute (2004) Education for Peace: Pilot Application for the History and Literature Books of the 5th Grade of the Elementary School. Nicosia, POST.
Ramanathapillai, R. (2006) ‘The Politicizing of Trauma: A Case Study of Sri Lanka’, Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, Vol. 12, pp. 1-18.
Ricoeur, P. (1999) ‘Memory and Forgetting’ in Earney, R.K. and Ooley, M.D. (eds.), Questioning Ethics: Contemporary Debates in Philosophy. New York, Routledge, pp. 5-11.
Ropers-Huilman, B. (1999) ‘Witnessing: Critical Inquiry in a Poststructural World’, Qualitative Studies in Education, Vol. 12, pp. 21-35.
Sant Cassia, P. (2006) ‘Guarding Each Other’s Dead, Mourning One’s Own: The Problem of Missing Persons and Missing Pasts in Cyprus’, South European Society and Politics, Vol. 11, pp. 111-128.
Shor, I. (1992) Empowering Education: Critical Teaching for Social Change. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Simon, R. and Eppert, C. (1997) ‘Remembering Obligation: Pedagogy and the Witnessing of Testimony of Historical Trauma’, Canadian Journal of Education, Vol. 22, pp. 175-191.
Spinner-Halev, J. (2003) ‘Education, Reconciliation and Nested Identities’, Theory and Research in Education, Vol. 1, pp. 51-72.
Spyrou, S. (2000) ‘Education, Ideology and the National Self: The Social Practice of Identity Construction in the Classroom, The Cyprus Review, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 61-81.
Spyrou, S. (2001a) ‘Those on the Other Side: Ethnic Identity and Imagination in Greek-Cypriot Children’s Lives’ in Schwartzman, H.B. (ed.), Children and Anthropology: Perspectives for the 21st Century. London, Bergin and Garvey, pp. 167-185.
Spyrou, S. (2001b) ‘Being One and More than One: Greek Cypriot Children and Ethnic Identity in the Flow of Everyday Life’, disClosure, Vol. 10, pp. 73-94.
Spyrou, S. (2002) ‘Images of “the Other”: The Turk in Greek Cypriot Children’s Imaginations’, Race, Ethnicity and Education, Vol. 5, pp. 255-272.
Spyrou, S. (2006) ‘Constructing “the Turk” as an Enemy: The Complexity of Stereotypes in Children’s Everyday Worlds’, South European Society and Politics, Vol. 11, pp. 95-110.
Stradling, R. (2001) Teaching 20th Century European History. Council of Europe Publishing.
Theodossopoulos, D. (2006) ‘Introduction: The “Turks” in the Imagination of the “Greeks”’, South European Society and Politics, Vol. 11, pp. 1-32.
Volkan, V. (1979) Cyprus-War and Adaptation: A Psychoanalytic History of two Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia.
Volkan, V. (1988) The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: From Clinical Practice to International Relationships. Northvale, NJ, Jason Aronson.
Volkan, V. (1997) Bloodlines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism. Boulder, CO, Westview.
Worsham, L. (2001) ‘Going Postal: Pedagogic Violence and the Schooling of Emotion’ in Giroux, H. and Myrsiades, K. (eds.), Beyond the Corporate University: Culture and Pedagogy in the New Millennium. New York and Oxford, Rowman and Littlfield, pp. 229-265.
Yashin, N. (2002) ‘School is a Textbook: Symbolism and Rituals in Turkish Cypriot Schools’ in Koulouri, C. (ed.), Clio in the Balkans: The Politics of History Education. Thessalonica, Centre for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe, pp. 414-422.
Zembylas, M. (2006) ‘Witnessing in the Classroom: The Ethics and Politics of Affect’, Educational Theory, Vol. 56, pp. 305-324.
Zembylas, M. and Boler, M. (2002) ‘On the Spirit of Patriotism: Challenges of a “Pedagogy of Discomfort”’, Special issue on Education and September 11. Teachers College Record On-line.
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“The Politics of Memory and Forgetting in Pedagogical Practices: Towards Pedagogies of Reconciliation and Peace in Divided Cyprus”. 2018. Cyprus Review 18 (2): 15-35. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/292.