The 'Other' Cypriots and Their Cyprus Questions
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Abstract
The island of Cyprus has a multicultural population. Today, besides its native Greek, Turkish, Armenian, Maronite, Latin Cypriot and Gypsy population, it is also the home of Anatolians, who have gradually settled on the island from Turkey since 1974; Pontians who came from Georgia via Greece together with various other immigrants since the 1990s; the Jews; and the British. Despite this diversity, a solution to the Cyprus problem is still under the monopoly of Greek- and Turkish-Cypriot aspirations, with a resolution oriented between either a bi-zonal/bicommunal federation or a liberal democratic unitary state. This paper presents the so far little pronounced ‘Other Cypriots’: the Armenians, the Maronites, the Latins, the Gypsies as well as the newcomers, the Turkish settlers, the Pontians, the immigrants, and their socio-economic and political problems. In so doing, it aims to draw attention to the necessity of multicultural politics in today’s governing policies, and in future settlement efforts of the Cyprus conflict.
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Keywords
Cyprus Question, Cypriot Maronites, Cypriot Armenians, Cypriot Latins, Pontians, Turkish settlers, the British, the Cypriot Jews, the Cypriot Gypsies
References
Author interviews:
Armenagian, N., coordinator of the Cypriot Armenian website [www.hayem.org], by e-mail,
Adana-Nicosia, March 2006, Paris-Nicosia, August 2006.
Christou, A., Ministry of Interior, June 2005, Nicosia.
Çevikel, N., historian and ex-president of the Yeni Parti (the New Party), June 2005, Nicosia.
Genç, Ahmet Zeki , the President of the Cultural Association of Black Sea, May 2005, Kaplica.
Hadji-Roussos, A.J., representative of the Maronite community in the House of Representatives of the Republic of Cyprus, June 2005, Nicosia.
Hatay, M., researcher and project coordinator, PRIO (International Peace Research Institute, Oslo), May 2005, Nicosia.
Kaladjian, B., ex-representative of the Armenian community in the House of Representatives of the Republic of Cyprus, August 2005, Larnaca.
Mantovani, B., representative of the Roman Catholic community in the House of Representatives of the Republic of Cyprus, August 2005, Limassol.
Tschadises, R., General Secretary of the Pancypriot Association of the Pontian Greeks, August 2005, Paphos.
Official Sources:
‘Colonisation by the Turkish Settlers of the Occupied Part of Cyprus’ Doc. 9799, 2 May 2003, Report of the Committee on migration, refugees and demography, M. Jaakko Laakso, Finland, Group of the Unified European Left, accessible on: [http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc03/eDOC9799.htm].
‘Estimates of Turkish Cypriots and Settlers from Turkey, 1974-1996’ Statistical and Research Department of the Finance Ministry of Republic of Cyprus, August 1997, Printing Office of the Republic of Cyprus.
Judgement in the case of Cyprus vs. Turkey, ECHR Press Release, 10 May 2001, No. 241. Official Gazette of the RoC, No. 4068, 10 February 2006.
Akan, M. (2003) ‘Contextualising Multiculturalism’ Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 57-75.
Antonsich, M. (2007) ‘Territory and Identity in the Age of Globalization: The Case of Western Europe’. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, Boulder, University of Colorado.
Appadurai, A. (1996) Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
Allen, W. (2000) ‘The Gypsies of Cyprus, A, DRC update’, Vol. 1, No. 2 (March): [http://www.Domresearchcenter.com] accessed in April 2006.
Associated Press, December 1998.
Christou, Jean (2006), ‘Minority Rights Put to Vote’, Cyprus Mail, 7 May 2006.
Connor, W. (2001) ‘From a Theory of Relative Economic Deprivation toward a Theory of Relative Political Deprivation’ in Keating, M. and McGarry, J. (eds.), Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 114-133.
Copley, G.R. (2000) ‘Turkey Falters on the Edge of Ataturk’s Dream’, Defence and Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy: The Journal of the International Strategic Studies Association, Vol. xxviii, No. 3. (March) Alexandria, VA.
Habermas, J. (1998) L’intégration républicaine: Essaie de théorie politique: Paris, Fayard.
Hatay, M. (2005) ‘Beyond Numbers – An Inquiry into the Political Integration of the Turkish Settlers’ in Northern Cyprus’, Nicosia, PRIO Cyprus Centre Report.
Hellicar, M. (2001) ‘Gypsies Will No Longer Be Treated like Tourists’ Cyprus Mail, 22 May 2001 [www.cyprus-mail.com], accessed in April 2006.
Ioannides, C.P. (1993) ‘Changing the Demography of Cyprus: Anatolian Settlers in the Turkish-occupied Area’ in Cyprus Yearbook. Nicosia, KYKEM.
Kadritzke, N. (1998) ‘Turkish Cypriots Dream of Europe’, Le Monde diplomatique, (August-September 1998) [www.monde-diplomatique.fr], accessed in October, 2005.
Kastoryano, R. (2002) Negotiating Identities – States and Immigrants in Germany. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
Keating, M. (2001) ‘Nations without States: The Accommodation of Nationalism in the New State Order’ in Keating, M. and McGarry, J. (eds.), Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 19-43.
Kymlicka, W. (2001) Politics in the Vernacular – Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Lordos, A. (2005) Civil Society Diplomacy: A New Approach for Cyprus?, an evidence base report in co-operation with CYMAR Market Research Limited and KADEM Cyprus Social network.
Marsh, A. and Strand, E. (2003) “… spies, deserters and undesirable persons … the Gypsies of Cyprus, 1322-2003” Vol. 1, No. 8 (Spring/Summer 2003) [www.domresearchcenter.com], accessed in April 2006.
Rossides, E.T. and Coufoudakis, V. (eds.) (2002) The United States and Cyprus, Double Standards and the Rule of Law. Washington, DC, American Hellenic Institute Foundation.
Simon, C. (2006) ‘Chypre, terminus européen pour les migrants’, Le Monde, 13 January 2006 [www. lemonde.fr], accessed in January 2006.
Soysal, Y.N. (1994) Limits of Citizenship – Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. London. The University of Chicago Press.
Topcan, A.S. (1988) ‘Kibris Turk Nufusu’nun Dunu ve Bugunu’, Halkin Sesi Gazetesi, 13 Aralik 1988.
Trimikliniotis, N. and Demetriou, C. (2005) ‘Active Civic Participation of Immigrants in Cyprus’, Country Report prepared by the European research project, POLITIS, Oldenburg.
Trimiklionitis, N. (2002-2005) ‘Discriminated Voices – Cyprus Report’, Work Package 2 in The European Dilemma: Institutional Patterns and the Politics of Racial Discrimination, Research Project Xenophob, EU fifth framework, 2002-2005: accessible on: [http://www.multietn.uu.se/the_european_dilemma/].
Armenagian, N., coordinator of the Cypriot Armenian website [www.hayem.org], by e-mail,
Adana-Nicosia, March 2006, Paris-Nicosia, August 2006.
Christou, A., Ministry of Interior, June 2005, Nicosia.
Çevikel, N., historian and ex-president of the Yeni Parti (the New Party), June 2005, Nicosia.
Genç, Ahmet Zeki , the President of the Cultural Association of Black Sea, May 2005, Kaplica.
Hadji-Roussos, A.J., representative of the Maronite community in the House of Representatives of the Republic of Cyprus, June 2005, Nicosia.
Hatay, M., researcher and project coordinator, PRIO (International Peace Research Institute, Oslo), May 2005, Nicosia.
Kaladjian, B., ex-representative of the Armenian community in the House of Representatives of the Republic of Cyprus, August 2005, Larnaca.
Mantovani, B., representative of the Roman Catholic community in the House of Representatives of the Republic of Cyprus, August 2005, Limassol.
Tschadises, R., General Secretary of the Pancypriot Association of the Pontian Greeks, August 2005, Paphos.
Official Sources:
‘Colonisation by the Turkish Settlers of the Occupied Part of Cyprus’ Doc. 9799, 2 May 2003, Report of the Committee on migration, refugees and demography, M. Jaakko Laakso, Finland, Group of the Unified European Left, accessible on: [http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc03/eDOC9799.htm].
‘Estimates of Turkish Cypriots and Settlers from Turkey, 1974-1996’ Statistical and Research Department of the Finance Ministry of Republic of Cyprus, August 1997, Printing Office of the Republic of Cyprus.
Judgement in the case of Cyprus vs. Turkey, ECHR Press Release, 10 May 2001, No. 241. Official Gazette of the RoC, No. 4068, 10 February 2006.
Akan, M. (2003) ‘Contextualising Multiculturalism’ Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 57-75.
Antonsich, M. (2007) ‘Territory and Identity in the Age of Globalization: The Case of Western Europe’. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, Boulder, University of Colorado.
Appadurai, A. (1996) Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
Allen, W. (2000) ‘The Gypsies of Cyprus, A, DRC update’, Vol. 1, No. 2 (March): [http://www.Domresearchcenter.com] accessed in April 2006.
Associated Press, December 1998.
Christou, Jean (2006), ‘Minority Rights Put to Vote’, Cyprus Mail, 7 May 2006.
Connor, W. (2001) ‘From a Theory of Relative Economic Deprivation toward a Theory of Relative Political Deprivation’ in Keating, M. and McGarry, J. (eds.), Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 114-133.
Copley, G.R. (2000) ‘Turkey Falters on the Edge of Ataturk’s Dream’, Defence and Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy: The Journal of the International Strategic Studies Association, Vol. xxviii, No. 3. (March) Alexandria, VA.
Habermas, J. (1998) L’intégration républicaine: Essaie de théorie politique: Paris, Fayard.
Hatay, M. (2005) ‘Beyond Numbers – An Inquiry into the Political Integration of the Turkish Settlers’ in Northern Cyprus’, Nicosia, PRIO Cyprus Centre Report.
Hellicar, M. (2001) ‘Gypsies Will No Longer Be Treated like Tourists’ Cyprus Mail, 22 May 2001 [www.cyprus-mail.com], accessed in April 2006.
Ioannides, C.P. (1993) ‘Changing the Demography of Cyprus: Anatolian Settlers in the Turkish-occupied Area’ in Cyprus Yearbook. Nicosia, KYKEM.
Kadritzke, N. (1998) ‘Turkish Cypriots Dream of Europe’, Le Monde diplomatique, (August-September 1998) [www.monde-diplomatique.fr], accessed in October, 2005.
Kastoryano, R. (2002) Negotiating Identities – States and Immigrants in Germany. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
Keating, M. (2001) ‘Nations without States: The Accommodation of Nationalism in the New State Order’ in Keating, M. and McGarry, J. (eds.), Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 19-43.
Kymlicka, W. (2001) Politics in the Vernacular – Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Lordos, A. (2005) Civil Society Diplomacy: A New Approach for Cyprus?, an evidence base report in co-operation with CYMAR Market Research Limited and KADEM Cyprus Social network.
Marsh, A. and Strand, E. (2003) “… spies, deserters and undesirable persons … the Gypsies of Cyprus, 1322-2003” Vol. 1, No. 8 (Spring/Summer 2003) [www.domresearchcenter.com], accessed in April 2006.
Rossides, E.T. and Coufoudakis, V. (eds.) (2002) The United States and Cyprus, Double Standards and the Rule of Law. Washington, DC, American Hellenic Institute Foundation.
Simon, C. (2006) ‘Chypre, terminus européen pour les migrants’, Le Monde, 13 January 2006 [www. lemonde.fr], accessed in January 2006.
Soysal, Y.N. (1994) Limits of Citizenship – Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. London. The University of Chicago Press.
Topcan, A.S. (1988) ‘Kibris Turk Nufusu’nun Dunu ve Bugunu’, Halkin Sesi Gazetesi, 13 Aralik 1988.
Trimikliniotis, N. and Demetriou, C. (2005) ‘Active Civic Participation of Immigrants in Cyprus’, Country Report prepared by the European research project, POLITIS, Oldenburg.
Trimiklionitis, N. (2002-2005) ‘Discriminated Voices – Cyprus Report’, Work Package 2 in The European Dilemma: Institutional Patterns and the Politics of Racial Discrimination, Research Project Xenophob, EU fifth framework, 2002-2005: accessible on: [http://www.multietn.uu.se/the_european_dilemma/].
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“The ’Other’ Cypriots and Their Cyprus Questions”. 2018. Cyprus Review 19 (2): 57-82. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/271.