Protracted Social Conflict Analysis and Cyprus An Assessment
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Abstract
The end of the Cold War saw the development of numerous theories of identity based conflict. One of the first proponents of such an approach was Edward E. Azar, who constructed his theory of Protracted Social Conflict as a typology that could be used to transform and resolve ‘protracted’ and ‘intractable’ conflicts through Track Two negotiations. The conflict in Cyprus has been defined as a type of protracted social conflict and although parts of the model have been used to analyse its emergence, development and persistence, it has never been applied in its entirety to ascertain to what degree, if at all, its variables find application to the Cyprus case. It is the purpose of this article to provide a total assessment of the theory of Protracted Social Conflict, thus identifying whether or not and to what extent it remains a useful framework with which to analyse the conflict in Cyprus.
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Keywords
conflict analysis, Cyprus, Edward E. Azar, identity, protracted social conflict
References
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Solsten, Eric (1991) ‘Intercommunal Violence’ in Solsten, Eric (ed.), Cyprus: A Country Study. Washington, Government Printing Office (GPO) for the Library of Congress.
Stake, Robert E. (1978) ‘Case Study Method in Social Enquiry’, Educational Researcher, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 5-8.
Stedman, Stephen John (1997) ‘Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes’, International Security, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 5-53.
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Utterwulghe, Steve (1999) ‘Rwanda’s Protracted Social Conflict: Considering the Subjective Perspective in Conflict Resolution Strategies’, The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution [www.trinstitute.org/ojpcr], Issue 2, No. 3.
Van Evera, Stephen (1997) Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science. Ithaca, Cornell University Press
Athanasiades, Spiros A. (1998) Fakelos TMT [TMT File]. Nicosia.
Attalides, Michael A. (2003) Cyprus. Nationalism and International Politics. Möhnesee, Bibliopolis.
Azar, Edward E. (1986) ‘Protracted International Conflicts: Ten Propositions’ in Azar, Edward E. and Burton, John W. (eds.), International Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practise. Brighton, Wheatsheaf, pp. 145-155.
Azar, Edward E. (1990) The Management of Protracted Social Conflict. Aldershot, Dartmouth.
Azar, Edward E; Jureidini, Paul and McLaurin, Ronald (1978) ‘Protracted Social Conflict; Theory and Practise in the Middle East’, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 41-60.
Bloomfield, David (1995) ‘Towards Complementarity in Conflict Management: Resolution and Settlement in Northern Ireland’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 151-164.
Boyd, Robert and Richerson, Peter J. (1987) ‘The Evolution of Ethnic Markers’, Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 65-79.
Carment, David (1993) ‘The International Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict: Concepts, Indicators and Theory’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 137-150.
Constantinou, Costas M. (2006) ‘Aporias of Identity and the “Cyprus Problem”’, paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, 25-30 April 2006
[http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/intrel/cpcs/papers/Cyprus-aporia.pdf], accessed 18 March 2007.
Coufoudakis, Van (2006) Cyprus – A Contemporary Problem in Historical Perspective. Minnesota Mediterranean and East European Monographs No.15, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Crawshaw, Nancy (1978) The Cyprus Revolt – An Account of the Struggle for Union with Greece. London, George Allen and Unwin.
Crighton, Elizabeth and Mac Iver, Martha Abele (1991) ‘The Evolution of Protracted Ethnic Conflict: Group Dominance and Political Underdevelopment in Northern Ireland and Lebanon’, Comparative Politics, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 127-142.
Department of State (1959), ‘Analysis of the Cyprus Agreement’, Intelligence Report No. 8047, Bureau of Intelligence Research.
Droushiotis, Makarios (2002) EOKA B’ & CIA – To ellinotourkiko parakratos stin Kypro [EOKA B’ & CIA – The Greek-Turkish para-state in Cyprus]. Nicosia, Alfadi.
Fisher, Ronald (1992) ‘Understanding the Tragedy of Cyprus’ in Salem, Norma (ed.), Cyprus: A Regional Conflict and its Resolution. London, Macmillan.
Fisher, Ronald (2001) ‘Cyprus: The Failure of Mediation and the Escalation of an Identity-Based Conflict to an Adversarial Impasse’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 307-326.
Hitchens, Christopher (1997) Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger. London, Verso.
Hitchens, Christopher (2002) The Trial of Henry Kissinger. London, Verso.
Joseph, Joseph (1997) Cyprus: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics. London, Macmillan.
Nicolet, Claude (2001) United States Policy towards Cyprus, 1954-1974. Möhnesee, Bibliopolis.
Oshita, Oshita O. (2003) ‘Conflict Mitigation in Nigeria: the Strategic Conflict Assessment’, Conflict, Security & Development, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 251-263.
Patrick, Richard Arthur (1976) Political Geography and the Cyprus Conflict, 1963-1971. Waterloo, University of Waterloo.
Ramsbotham, Oliver (2005) ‘The Analysis of Protracted Social Conflict: A Tribute to Edward Azar’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 31, pp. 109-126.
Ramsbotham, Oliver; Woodhouse, Tom and Miall, Hugh (2005) Contemporary Conflict Resolution: the Prevention, Management and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts. Cambridge, Polity Press.
Richmond, Oliver P. (1999) ‘Ethno-Nationalism, Sovereignty and Negotiating Positions in the Cyprus Conflict: Obstacles to a Settlement’, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 42-63.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2002) Maintaining Order, Making Peace. Basingstoke, Palgrave.
Salem, Norma (1992) ‘The Constitution of 1960 and its Failure’ in Salem, Norma (ed.), Cyprus: A Regional Conflict and its Resolution. London, Macmillan.
Silke, Andrew (2004) ‘The Devil You Know: Continuing Problems with Research on Terrorism’, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 1-14.
Solsten, Eric (1991) ‘Intercommunal Violence’ in Solsten, Eric (ed.), Cyprus: A Country Study. Washington, Government Printing Office (GPO) for the Library of Congress.
Stake, Robert E. (1978) ‘Case Study Method in Social Enquiry’, Educational Researcher, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 5-8.
Stedman, Stephen John (1997) ‘Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes’, International Security, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 5-53.
Theophylactou, Demetrios A. (1995) Security, Identity and Nation Building. Aldershot, Avebury.
Utterwulghe, Steve (1999) ‘Rwanda’s Protracted Social Conflict: Considering the Subjective Perspective in Conflict Resolution Strategies’, The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution [www.trinstitute.org/ojpcr], Issue 2, No. 3.
Van Evera, Stephen (1997) Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science. Ithaca, Cornell University Press
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“Protracted Social Conflict Analysis and Cyprus: An Assessment”. 2018. Cyprus Review 19 (2): 31-56. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/270.