Peacebuilding, United Nations and Civil Society The Case of Cyprus
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Abstract
Peacebuilding is the political action which aims to promote the development of peaceful structures of social interaction after wars and conflicts. As such it deals with long-term processes and involves complex dynamics and a wide range of agencies, each of them with its own specific strengths and shortcomings. The paper begins by examining briefly the way peacebuilding ideas have emerged in the international system and especially in the United Nations, intended both as an international organisation and as the international institutional framework where the problems of war and conflict are tackled. An historical account of the changing nature of warfare, the emergence of the UN Peacebuilding Commission and the related involvement of civil society agencies in international peace efforts is provided, along with a relevant theoretical framework developed by the World Bank. Cyprus is then cited as a case in point for the traditional form of UN peace operations and the role played by civil society peacebuilding. UNFICYP is examined and Cypriot civil society peacebuilding introduced. Finally, the ‘Home for Cooperation’ project is presented as a noteworthy development which deserves local and international monitoring, support and involvement.
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Keywords
conflict analysis, peacebuilding, international affairs, civil society, Cyprus conflict, UNFICYP, peacebuilding in Cyprus, Cypriot civil society, 'Home for Cooperation'
References
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Brown, R. (2000) Group Processes. Dynamics within and between Groups. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
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Makriyianni, C. and Psaltis, C. (2007) ‘The Teaching of History and Reconciliation’, The Cyprus Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 43-69.
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Arielli, E. and Scotto, G. (2003) Conflitti e Mediazione [Conflicts and Mediation]. Milan: Mondadori. Axelrod, R. (1984) The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
Ballentine, K. and Sherman, J. (eds.) (2003) The Political Economy of Armed Conflict. Beyond Greed and Grievance. Boulder/London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
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Berger, P.L. and Luckmann, T. (1966) The Social Construction of Reality. New York: Double Day and Co.
Berruti, D. (2008) ‘Cyprus: A Cold Peace’, Processi Storici e Politiche di Pace [Historical Processes and Peace Politics], Vol. 4, pp. 21-35.
Black, J. (2004) War since 1945. London: Reaktion Books.
Brown, R. (2000) Group Processes. Dynamics within and between Groups. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Bush, K.D. and Santarelli, D. (eds.) (2000) The Two Faces of Education in Ethnic Conflict. Towards a Peacebuilding Education for Children. UNICEF, available from [www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/pdf/insight4.pdf], accessed on 23 April 2008.
Cerone, J. (2006) ‘Holding Military and Paramilitary Forces Accountable’ in Mertus, J.A. and Helsing, J.W. (eds.), Human Rights and Conflict. Exploring the Links between Rights, Law and Peacebuilding, pp. 217-237.
CIVICUS (2005) An Assessment of Civil Society in Cyprus. A Map for the Future, Civicus Civil Society Index for Cyprus, available from [www.civicus.org], accessed on 14 May 2008.
Demetriou, O. (2007) ‘Freedom Square: The Unspoken Reunification of a Divided City’, Hagar Studies in Culture, Polity and Identities, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 55-77.
Demetriou, O. and Gürel, A. (2008) ‘Human Rights, Civil Society and Conflict in Cyprus: Exploring the Relationships’. SHUR Working Paper 03/08, June 2008.
Doob, L.W. (1974) ‘A Cyprus Workshop: An Exercise in Intervention Methodology’, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 94, pp. 161-178.
Duffield, M. (2001) Global Governance and the New Wars. London/New York: Zed Books.
Durch, W.J. (ed.) (1993) The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Gobbicchi, A. (ed.) (2004) Globalization, Armed Conflicts and Security, Soveria Mannelli: Rubettino.
Hadjipavlou, M. and Kanol, B. (2008) ‘The Impacts of Peacebuilding Work on the Cyprus Conflict’.
Collaborative Learning Projects, Reflecting on Peace Practice Project. (Cumulative Impact Case Study
from a working document, February 2008). Available from [http://www.cdainc.com/cda
www/pdf/casestudy/rpp_cyprus_cumulative20case20final_20806031_Pdf_1.pdf], accessed on 16 November 2009.
Hadjipavlou Trigeorgis, M. (1993) ‘Unofficial Intercommunal Contacts and their Contribution to Peacebuilding in Conflict Societies. The Case of Cyprus’, The Cyprus Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 68-87.
Hayek, F.A. Von (1973) ‘Rules and Order’ in Hayek, F.A. Von (1973-1979), Vol. I, Law, Legislation and Liberty. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Hayek, F.A. Von (1973-1979) Law, Legislation and Liberty, 3 Vols. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Hawkins Wyeth, V. (2006) Getting the Peacebuilding Commission off the Ground: Including Civil Society, Dialogue on Globalization. New York: FES.
Hope, K. (2008) ‘Education: History becomes Weapon in Bid to End Mistrust’, The Financial Times, 28 October 2008.
Hufner, K. (2007) Reforming the UN: The Case of the Peacebuilding Commission, Global Policy Forum, January 2007, available from [http://www.globalpolicy.org/reform/topics/pbc/2007/01 klaus.htm], accessed on 17 April 2008.
International Crisis Group (2006) ‘The Cyprus Stalemate: What Next?’, Europe Report 171, available from [www.crisisgroup.org], accessed on 29 November 2007.
International Crisis Group (2007) ‘Turkey and Europe: The Way Ahead’, Europe Report 184, available from [www.crisisgroup.org], accessed on 15 December 2007.
International Crisis Group (2008a) ‘Cyprus: Reversing the Drift to Partition’, Europe Report 190, available from
[www.crisisgroup.org], accessed on 20 May 2008.
International Crisis Group (2008b) ‘Reunifying Cyprus: The Best Chance Yet’, Europe Report 194, available from
[www.crisisgroup.org], accessed on 13 June 2008.
International Forum for the Challenges of Peace Operations (2006) Capstone Doctrine for United NationsPeacekeeping Operations, available from [http://www.challengesforum.org/cms/Saltsjobaden_Documents.do?pageId=138], accessed in 30 April 2008.
Istituto Geografico De Agostini. (2005) Conflitti e Aree di Crisi nel Mondo. Scenari Geopolitici dopo la Caduta del Muro di Berlino [Conflicts and Crisis Areas in the World. Geopolitical Scenarios after the Fall of the Berlin Wall]. Novara: Istituto Geografico DeAgostini.
Istituto Geografico De Agostini. (2008) Guerre. I Conflitti e le Aree di Crisi Oggi [Wars. Today’s Conflicts and Areas of Crisis]. Novara: Istituto Geografico DeAgostini.
Jakobbsen, A.S. (1998) ‘Peacebuilding in Divided Societies. A Theoretical Framework and Some Findings from Northern Ireland and Cyprus’. International Society for Third Sector Research, paper presented at the ISTR Third International Conference in Geneva, Switzerland.
Kaldor, M. (1999) New and Old Wars. Organized Violence in a Global Era. London: Polity Press.
Ker-Lindsay, J. (2008) ‘Cyprus and the Kosovo Precedent’, Friends of Cyprus, 51, p. 32.
Lindenstrauss, G. (2008) ‘Pockets of Instability: What Links Kosovo, Cyprus and Nagorno-Karabakh?’, The Institute for National Security Studies, INSS Insight , 46.
Lindley, D. (1997) UNFICYP and a Cyprus Solution: A Strategic Assessment. Cambridge: MIT Centre for International Studies.
Lordos, A. (2005) Civil Society Diplomacy: A New Approach for Cyprus?, September 2004 and January 2005, available from [www.help-net.gr/CivilSocietyDiplomacy.pdf], accessed on 7 March 2008.
Lordos, A. (2006) Building Trust. An Inter-communal Analysis of Public Opinion in Cyprus, 10-25 April 2006, available from [www.CyprusPolls.org], accessed on 23 February 2008.
Lordos, A., Faiz, M. and Carras, C. (2005) Options for Peace. Mapping the Possibilities for a Comprehensive Settlement in Cyprus, 15-30 May 2005, available from [www.cypruspolls.org], accessed on 23 February 2008.
Lord J.E. and Flowers, N. (2006) ‘Human Rights Education and Grassroots Peacebuilding’ in Mertus, J.A. and Helsing, J.W. (eds.), Ch. 15, Human Rights and Conflict. Exploring the Links between Rights, Law and Peacebuilding. Washington: United States Institute Press.
Makriyianni, C. and Psaltis, C. (2007) ‘The Teaching of History and Reconciliation’, The Cyprus Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 43-69.
Mertus, J.A. and Helsing, J.W. (eds.) (2006) Human Rights and Conflict. Exploring the Links between Rights, Law and Peacebuilding. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Michaletos, I. (2007) Eastern Mediterranean Oil Politics: The Emerging Role of Cyprus, available from [www.balkanalysis.com], accessed on 13 October 2008.
Mirbagheri, F. (1998) Cyprus and International Peacemaking. London: Hurst and Company.
Moller, M. (2008) ‘Goodbye and Good Luck!’, Friends of Cyprus, 51, pp. 15-16.
Mullen, F., Oguz, O. and Kyriacou, P.A. (2008) The Day After. Commercial Opportunities Following a Solution to the Cyprus Problem. Nicosia: PRIO Paper 1/2008.
Natali, G. (2007a) Cipro tra Europa e Medio Oriente: Un Ponte tra Culture o una Portaerei Anglo-Americana? [Cyprus between Europe and the Middle East: Bridge between Cultures or British-American Aircraft Carrier?], available from [www.geopoliticalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2007/08], accessed on 18 January 2008.
Natali, G. (ed.) (2007b) Diplomazia dal Basso [Diplomacy from Below]. Milano: Edizioni Punto Rosso.
Papadakis, Y. (2008) History Education in Divided Cyprus: A Comparison of Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot Schoolbooks on the “History of Cyprus”. Nicosia: PRIO Report 2/2008.
Philippou, S. (2006) Education for Peace, Freedom and Respect of Human Rights in Cyprus: The Case of the Association for Historical Dialogue and Research, presented during the 4th Board Meeting of MedNed, 2 September 2006.
Pope, H. (2008a) ‘Settling Cyprus’, The Wall Street Journal, 14 February 2008.
Pope, H. (2008b) ‘Cyprus: Things are Looking Up’, euro/topics, 17 September 2008.
POST Research Institute (2007) Project on Education for Peace II: Textual and Visual Analyses of the Lower Secondary School History Textbooks, available from [www.postri.org], accessed on 1 March 2008.
Psaltis, C. (2008) A Social Psychological Perspective on Contact between Greek-Cypriots and Turkish-Cypriots and Confidence Building Measures, presented at the English School, Nicosia, 16 April 2008.
Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T. and Miall, H. (2005) Contemporary Conflict Resolution. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Sant Cassia, P. (2005) Bodies of Evidence. Burial, Memory and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus. New York/Oxford: Berghan Books.
Schmitt, C. (1950) Der Nomos der Erde im Voelkerrecht des Jus Publicum Europeum [The Nomos of Earth in the Law of Peoples and the Jus Publicum Europeum]. Köln: Greven; trad. it. Il Nomos della Terra. Milano: Adelphi, 1991.
Schutz, A. (1960) Der Sinnhafte Aufbau der Sozialen Welt [The Fenomenology of the Social World]. Wien: Springer-Verlag; trad. it. La Fenomenologia del Mondo Sociale. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1974.
Sitas, A., Latif, D. and Loizou, N. (2007) Prospects of Reconciliation, Co-existence and Forgiveness in Cyprus in the Post-Referendum Period. Nicosia: PRIO Report 4/2007.
Taylor, M. (1987) The Possibility of Cooperation. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Theophanous, A. (2008) The Political Economy of a Cyprus Settlement. Nicosia: PRIO Report 1/2008.
United Nations (1945) Charter of the United Nations, 26 June 1945. Available from [www.un.org], accessed on 29 December 2008.
United Nations (1948) Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948. Available from www.un.org], accessed on 7 October 2008.
United Nations (1964) Security Council Resolution 186, 4 March 1964. Available from [www.un.org], accessed on 12 December 2008.
United Nations (1992) Statement by the President of the Security Council, S/23500, 31 January 1992. Available from [www.un.org], accessed on 12 December 2008.
United Nations (1992) An Agenda for Peace. Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping, Report of the Secretary General A/47/277 - S/24/11, 17 June 1992. Available from [www.un.org], accessed on 27 October 2006.
United Nations (1995) Supplement to An Agenda for Peace, Report of the Secretary General A/50/60 - S/1995/1, 3 January 1995. Available from [www.un.org], accessed on 27 October 2006.
United Nations (2000) Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, A/55/305 - S/2000/809, 21 August 2000. Available from [www.un.org], accessed on 27 October 2006.
United Nations (2004) A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, 2 December 2004. Available from [www.un.org], accessed on 29 March 2008.
United Nations (2005) In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All, Report of the Secretary General A/59/2005, 21 March 2005. Available from [www.un.org], accessed on 13 January 2008.
United Nations (2005) Statement by the President of the Security Council, S/PRST/2005/42, 20 September 2005. Available from [www.un.org], accessed on 29 February 2008.
United Nations (2005) Security Council Resolution S/RES/1645, 20 December 2005. Available from [www.un.org], accessed on 29 February 2008.
United Nations (2005) The Peacebuilding Commission, General Assembly Resolution A/RES/60/180, 20 December 2005. Available from [www.un.org], accessed on 29 February 2008.
United Nations (2007) Report of the Peacebuilding Commission on its First Session, A/62/137 - S/2007/458 25 July 2007. Available from [www.un.org], accessed on 14 May 2008.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2008) State Building in Post Conflict Countries Requires a Different Approach, UN-DESA Policy Brief 7, September 2008.
UNFICYP (2007) The UN in Cyprus. An Intercommunal Survey of Public Opinion by UNFICYP, 26 January - 19 February 2007. Available from [www.unficyp.org/Survey%202007/SurveyPress ENG.doc], accessed on 20 February 2008.
UNFICYP (2008) Remarks of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Chief of Mission – Mr. Tayé-Brook Zerihoun – at a Ceremony to Mark Start of Renovation of Home for Cooperation of Association for Historical Dialogue and Research, 30 June 2008. Available from [www.unficyp.org], accessed on 13 September 2008.
Vasquez, J.A. (1993) The War Puzzle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
World Bank (2006) Civil Society and Peacebuilding. Potentials, Limitations and Critical Factors. Social Development Department, Report No. 36445-GLB.
Zincir Celal, R. (2008) ‘Truth and Reconciliation in Cyprus’, Friends of Cyprus, 51, pp. 26-27.
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“Peacebuilding, United Nations and Civil Society: The Case of Cyprus”. 2018. Cyprus Review 21 (2): 37-61. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/236.