Attainment of Ethnic Minority Secondary School Students in Cyprus
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Abstract
There is evidence that the attainment of ethnic minority children differs from that of native children. Examining this and the reasons behind it is important in ensuring equal opportunities and a sound education for all children. This paper identifies differences in attainment between minority and native students in Cyprus by examining the grades of students from two secondary schools in Modern Greek and Mathematics. Using the Rasch analysis, results showed that ethnic minority groups perform significantly lower than native students and regression analysis indicated that ethnic background, gender, family socio-economic status, generation status, absenteeism, and age have a significant effect on attainment. The study in Cyprus, homes in on the educational reality in Cyprus, highlights the need for immediate policy implementation on the part of the government and identifies areas of further study.
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Keywords
education, attainment, quantitative study, minorities, Cyprus
References
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Caldas, S.J. (1993) ‘Re-examination of Input and Process Factor Effects on Public School Achievement’, Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 206-214.
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Angelides, P., Stylianou, T. and Leigh, J. (2004) ‘Multicultural Education in Cyprus: A Pot of Multicultural Assimilation?’, Intercultural Education, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 307-315.
Angelides, P., Stylianou, T. and Leigh, J. (2007) ‘The Efficacy of Collaborative Networks in Preparing Teachers’, European Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 135-149.
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Caldas, S.J. (1993) ‘Re-examination of Input and Process Factor Effects on Public School Achievement’, Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 206-214.
Callahan, R.M. (2005) ‘Tracking and High School English Learners: Limiting Opportunity to Learn’, American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 305-328.
Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2004) Research Methods in Education. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
Condron, D.J. and Roscigno, V.J. (2003) ‘Disparities Within: Unequal Spending and Achievement in an Urban School District’, Sociology of Education, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 18-36.
Connolly, P. (2006) ‘The Effects of Social Class and Ethnicity on Gender Differences in GCSE Attainment: A Secondary Analysis of the Youth Cohort Study of England and Wales 1997-2001’, British Educational Research Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 3-21.
Cook, M.D. and Evans, W.N. (2000) ‘Families or Schools? Explaining the Convergence in White and Black Academic Performance’, Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 729-754.
Crosnoe, R. (2005) ‘Double Disadvantage or Signs of Resilience? The Elementary School Contexts of Children from Mexican Immigrant Families’, American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 269-303.
D’Amico, J.J. (2001) ‘A Closer Look at the Minority Achievement Gap’, ERS Spectrum, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 4-10.
Demack, S., Drew, D. and Grimsley, M. (2000) ‘Minding the Gap: Ethnic, Gender and Social Class Differences in Attainment at 16, 1988-95’, Race, Ethnicity and Education, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 117-143.
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ECRI European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (2006b) Racism in Cyprus, Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg and the Russian Federation. Council of Europe, Strasbourg.
Education, Children and Young People Scrutiny Board (2008) Available at [www.solihull.gov.uk/akssolihull/images/att14928.doc], 4 June 2008.
Entwisle, D.R. and Alexander, K.L. (1990) ‘Beginning School Math Competence: Minority and Majority Comparisons’, Child Development, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 454-471.
Entwisle, D.R. and Astone, N.M. (1994) ‘Some Practical Guidelines for Measuring Youth’s Race/Ethnicity and Socio-economic Status’, Child Development, Vol. 65, pp. 1521-1540 (ERIC Doc Reproduction service No. EJ496721).
Fejgin, N. (1995) ‘Factors Contributing to the Academic Excellence of American Jewish and Asian Students’, Sociology of Education, Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 18-30.
Fragoudaki, A. and Dragona, T. (1997) What’s Our Country? Nationalism in Education. Athens: Alexandreia.
Fryer, R.G. and Levitt, S.D. (2004) ‘Achievement Gap’, Education Next, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 64-71.
Glick, J.E. and White, M.J. (2003) ‘The Academic Trajectories of Immigrant Youths: Analysis within and across Cohorts’, Demography, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 759-783.
Goyette, K. and Xie, Y. (1999) ‘Educational Expectations of Asian American Youths: Determinants and Ethnic Differences’, Sociology of Education, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 22-36.
Hao, L. and Bonstead-Bruns, M. (1998) ‘Parent-Child Differences in Educational Expectations and the Academic Achievement of Immigrant and Native Students’, Sociology of Education, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 175-198.
Hofman, W.H.A. (1994) ‘School Effects on Performances of Minority Pupils’, School Effectiveness and School Improvement, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 26-44.
Hoxby, C.M. (2002) ‘The Power of Peers: How does the Makeup of a Classroom Influence Achievement?’, Education Next, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 57-63.
Hustinx, P.W.J. (2002) ‘School Careers of Pupils of Ethnic Minority Background After the Transition to Secondary Education: Is the Ethnic Factor Always Negative?’, Educational Research and Evaluation, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 169-195.
Hutcheson, G.D. and Sofroniou, N.T. (1999) The Multivariate Social Scientist: Introductory Statistics Using Generalized Linear Models. London: Sage Publications.
Jencks, C. and Mayer, S.E. (1990) ‘The Social Consequences of Growing Up in a Poor Neighbourhood’ in Lynn, L.J. and McGeary, M.G.H. (eds.), Inner-city Poverty in the United States. Washington: National Academy Press, pp. 111-186.
Kahne, J.E., Sporte, S.E. and Easton, J.Q. (2005) ‘Creating Small Schools in Chicago: An Early Look at Implementation and Impact’, Improving Schools, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 7-22.
Korilaki, P. (2004) ‘School Effects or Classroom Effects for Greek State Primary Schools?’ Paper presented at the European Conference on Educational Research, University of Crete, 22-25 September 2004.
Lee, V.E. and Loeb, S. (2000) ‘School Size in Chicago Elementary Schools: Effects on Teachers’ Attitudes and Students’ Achievement’, American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 3-31.
Lee, V.E. and Smith, J.B. (1995) ‘The Effects of High School Restructuring and Size on Gains in Achievement and Engagement for Early Secondary School Students’, Sociology of Education, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 271-290.
Loizos, P. (1998) ‘How Might Turkish and Greek Cypriots See Each Other More Clearly?’ in Calotychos, V. (ed.), Cyprus and Its People: Nation, Identity, and Experience In an Unimaginable Community, 1955-1997. Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 35-52.
Lynch, J. (1989) ‘International Interdependence: Swann’s Contribution’ in Verma, G. (ed.), Education for All: A Landmark in Pluralism. London: The Falmer Press, pp. 118-131.
Ma, X. (2005) ‘Growth in Mathematics Achievement: Analysis with Classification and Regression Trees’, The Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 99, No. 2, pp. 78-86.
Martidou-Forsier, D. (2003) ‘Multicultural Education in Cyprus: The Present Situation in Schools’, Parousia (Educational Magazine of Greek Scientists’ Organisation in Secondary Education), pp. 33-43.
May, S. (1994) Making Multicultural Education Work. Bristol: The Longdunn Press.
McCoy, L.P. (2005) ‘Effect of Demographic and Personal Variables on Achievement in Eighth-grade Algebra’, The Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 98, No. 3, pp. 131-135.
Ministry of Education and Culture (2009) Annual Report. Nicosia, Cyprus.
Oikonomidou, M. (2003) ‘Multicultural Education in Cyprus’, Parousia (Educational Magazine of Greek Scientists’ Organisation in Secondary Education), pp. 44-51.
Olszewski-Kubilius, P. (2006) ‘Addressing the Achievement Gap between Minority and Non-minority Children – Increasing Access and Achievement Through Project EXCITE’, Gifted Child Today, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 28-37.
Orr, A.J. (2003) ‘Black-White Differences in Achievement: The Importance of Wealth’, Sociology of Education, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 281-304.
Padilla, A.M. and Gonzalez, R. (2001) ‘Academic Performance of Immigrant and US-born Mexican Heritage Students: Effects of Schooling in Mexico and Bilingual/English Language Instruction’, American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 727-742.
Panayiotopoulos, C. and Nicolaidou, M. (2007) ‘At a Crossroads of Civilizations: Multicultural Educational Provision in Cyprus through the Lens of a Case Study’, Intercultural Education, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 65-79.
Papamichael, E. (2008) ‘Greek-Cypriot Teachers’ Understandings of Intercultural Education in an Increasingly Diverse Society’, The Cyprus Review, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Fall), pp. 51-78.
Pearce, R.R. (2006) ‘Effects of Cultural and Social Structural Factors on the Achievement of White and Chinese American Students at School Transition Points’, American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 75-101.
Philippou, S. (2007) ‘Policy, Curriculum and the Struggle for Change in Cyprus: The Case of the European Dimension in Education’, International Studies in Sociology of Education, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 249-274.
Phillips, M. (1997) ‘What Makes Schools Effective? A Comparison of the Relationships of Communitarian Climate and Academic Climate to Mathematics Achievement and Attendance during Middle School’, American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 633-662.
Portes, A. and MacLeod, D. (1996) ‘Educational Progress of Children of Immigrants: The Roles of Class, Ethnicity, and School Context’, Sociology of Education, Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 255-275.
Ream, R.K. (2005) ‘Toward Understanding How Social Capital Mediates the Impact of Mobility on Mexican American Achievement’, Social Forces, Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 201-224.
Rong, X.L. and Grant, L. (1992) ‘Ethnicity, Generation, and School Attainment of Asians, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Whites’, Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 625-636.
Roscigno, V.J. and Ainsworth-Darnell, J.W. (1999) ‘Race, Cultural Capital, and Educational Resources: Persistent Inequalities and Achievement Returns’, Sociology of Education, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 158-178.
Rumbaut, R.G. (1995) ‘The New Californians: Comparative Research Findings on the Educational Progress of Immigrant Children’ in Rumbaut, R.G. and Cornelius, W.A. (eds.), Californian’s Immigrant Children: Theory, Research and Implications for Educational Policy. Centre for US Mexican Studies, San Diego: University of California, pp. 17-69.
Rumberger, R.W. and Larson, K.A. (1998) ‘Toward Explaining Differences in Educational Achievement among Mexican American Language-Minority Students’, Sociology of Education, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 68-92.
Rumberger, R.W. and Palardy, G.J. (2005) ‘Does Segregation Still Matter? The Impact of Student Composition on Academic Achievement in High School’, Teachers College Record, Vol. 107, No. 9, pp. 1999-2045.
Rumberger, R.W. and Willms, J.D. (1992) ‘The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Segregation on the Achievement Gap in California High Schools’, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 377-396.
Sammons, P. (1995) ‘Gender, Ethnic and Socio-economic Differences in Attainment and Progress: A Longitudinal Analysis of Student Achievement over Nine Years’, British Educational Research Journal, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 465-485.
Sheldon, S.B. and Epstein, J.L. (2005) ‘Involvement Counts: Family and Community Partnerships and Mathematics Achievement’, The Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 98, No. 4, pp. 196-206.
Smyth, E. (1999) ‘Pupil Performance, Absenteeism and School Drop-out: A Multi-dimensional Analysis’, School Effectiveness and School Improvement, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 480-502.
Spyrou, S. (2002) ‘Images of “the Other”: The Turk in Greek Cypriot Children’s Imaginations’, Race, Ethnicity, and Education, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 255-272.
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“Attainment of Ethnic Minority Secondary School Students in Cyprus”. 2018. Cyprus Review 23 (1): 123-44. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/170.