Explaining Green Party Absence in Northern Cyprus
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Abstract
In this paper, the author attempts to explain why there is no Green Party in the northern part of Cyprus. Since the public opinion surveys give a blurred picture to the researcher trying to solve the puzzle, the author relies on in-depth qualitative interviews. Findings suggest that the Cyprus problem, economic problems and low trust in the output legitimacy of the system are the main variables to explain Green Party absence in northern Cyprus. The finding on the impact of the belief in the deliverability of the political system on Green Party formation stands out as a proposition that has to be tested in other cases as this has not yet been discussed in new party formation literature.
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Keywords
Environmental attitudes, new party formation, northern Cyprus, Green party, postmaterialism
References
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Botetzagias, I. (2007) ‘Clinging on? The Cypriot Greens’, Environmental Politics, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 124-129.
Carter, N. (2007) The Politics of the Environment: Ideas, Activism, Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cox, G. (1997) Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World’s Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
CSO Directory (2007) Available at [www.csodirectory-cyprus.eu], accessed on 20 March 2011.
Donovan, T. (2000) ‘Mobilization and Support for Minority Parties: Australian Senate Elections’, Party Politics, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 473-486.
Duverger, M. (1959) Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. London: Methuen.
European Values Study (EVS) (2008) V.2.0.0, 10-11-30, Available at [www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu], accessed on 20 March 2011.
EU Profiler (2009) ‘Cyprus’. Available at [www.euprofiler.eu], accessed on 20 March 2011.
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Frankland, E.G. (1994) ‘Germany: The Rise, Fall and Recovery of Die Grünen’, in Richardson, D, and Rootes, C. (eds), The Green Challenge: The Development of Green Parties in Europe. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 22-38.
Gaube, A. (2002) ‘Slovenia’s Patchy Transparency’, Transitions. Available at [http://www.tol.org/client/article/7412-slovenias-patchy-transparency.html?print], accessed on 16 April 2011.
Harmel, R. and Robertson, J. (1985) ‘Formation and Success of New Parties: A Cross National Analysis’, International Political Science Review, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 501-523.
Hug, S. (2000) ‘Studying the Electoral Success of New Political Parties’, Party Politics, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 187-197.
Ikstens, J., Smilov, D. and Walecki, M. (2001) ‘Party and Campaign Funding in Eastern Europe: A Study of 18 Member Countries of the ACEEEO’, Proceedings of the ACEEEO Annual Conference Transparent Election Campaign Financing in the 21st Century, Brijuni, Croatia.
Inglehart, R. (1971) ‘The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-industrial Societies’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 991-1017.
Inglehart, R. (1977) The Silent Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R. (1990) Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R. (2007) ‘Postmaterialism’, Encyclopaedia Britannica.
International Monetary Fund (2006) ‘International Monetary Fund European Union Gross Domestic Product Based on Purchasing-Power-Parity (PPP) Valuation of Country GDP’. Available at [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1 &ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=70&pr1.y=8&c=998&s=PPPGDP&grp=1&a=1], accessed on 25 April 2011.
Kaelberer, M. (1998) ‘Party Competition, Social Movements, and Post-materialist Values: Exploring the Formation of Green Parties in France and Germany’, Contemporary Politics, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 299-315.
Katz, R.S. and Crotty, W.J. (2006) Handbook of Party Politics. London: Sage.
Kitschelt, H. (1986) ‘Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-nuclear Movements in Four Democracies’, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 57-85.
Kitschelt, H. (1988) ‘Left-Libertarian Parties: Explaining Innovation in Competitive Party Systems’, World Politics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 194-234.
Lago, I. and Martinez, F. (2011) ‘Why New Parties?’, Party Politics, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 3-20.
Lijphart, A. (1984) Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-one Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Meguid, B.M. (2005) ‘Competition between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 99, No. 3, pp. 347-359.
Miragliotta, N. (2010) ‘From Local to National: Explaining the Formation of the Australian Green Party’, Party Politics, December, pp. 1-17
Müller-Rommel, F. (1985a) ‘Ecology Parties in Western Europe’, West European Politics, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 68-74.
Müller-Rommel, F. (1985b) ‘The Greens in Western Europe: Similar but Different’, International Political Science Review, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 483-499.
Müller-Rommel, F. (1989) ‘Green Parties and Alternative Lists under Cross-national Perspective’, in Müller-Rommel F. (ed.), New Politics in Western Europe: The Rise and Success of Green Parties and Alternative Lists. Boulder, San Francisco/London: Westview Press.
Müller-Rommel, F. (1998) ‘Explaining the Electoral Success of Green Parties: A Cross-national Analysis’, Environmental Politics, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 145-154.
O’Neill, M. (1997) Green Parties and Political Change in Contemporary Europe: New Politics Old Predicaments. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
Özgeç, G. (2011) ‘Kanserde Dünya Beşincisiyiz’. Haber Kıbrıs. Available at [http://www.haberkibris.com/n.php?n=kanserde-dunya-besincisiyiz-2011-03-23], accessed on 25 April 2011.
Pedahzur, A. and Yishai, Y. (2001) ‘Democracy without Environmental Parties: The Israeli Experience’, Contemporary Politics, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 191-204.
Rae, D. (1967) The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Redding, K. and Viterna, J. (1999) ‘Political Demands, Political Opportunities: Explaining the Differential Success of Left-Libertarian Parties’, Social Forces, Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 491-510.
Richardson, D. (1994) ‘The Green Challenge: Philosophical, Programmatic and Electoral Considerations’, in Richardson, D, and Rootes, C. (eds), The Green Challenge: The Development of Green Parties in Europe. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 4-22.
Rochon, T. (1985) ‘Mobilizers and Challengers: Toward a Theory of New Party Success’, International Political Science Review, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 419-439.
Rohrschneider, R. (1993) ‘Impact of Social Movements on European Party Systems’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 528, No. 1, pp. 157-170.
Rootes, C. (1994) ‘Environmental Consciousness, Institutional Structures and Political Competition in the Formation and Development of Green Parties’, in Richardson, D, and Rootes, C. (eds), The Green Challenge: The Development of Green Parties in Europe. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 232-252.
Rudig, W. (1990) ‘Explaining Green Party Development’, Strathclyde Papers on Government and Politics, No. 7.
Selb, P. and Pituctin, S. (2010) ‘Methodological Issues in the Study of New Parties’ Entry and Electoral Success’, Party Politics, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 147-170.
Sikk, A. (2003) ‘A Cartel Party System in a Post-communist Country? The Case of Estonia’, Proceedings of the ECPR General Conference, Marburg.
Smith, J.K. (2005) ‘Green Space: Explaining Variation in Green Party Success’, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C.
Spretnak, C. and Capra, F. (1985) Green Politics: The Global Promise. London: Paladin Grafton Books.
Standard Eurobarometer 74 (2010) ‘Avrupa Birli¤inde Kamuoyu, K›br›s Türk Toplumu’ [Public Opinion in the European Union, Turkish Cypriot Community], Autumn.
Star Kıbrıs (2007) ‘CMC ve Şeytan Çamuru’. Available at [http://www.starkibris.net/index.asp? haberID=6198], accessed on 25 April 2011.
Tavits, M. (2007) ‘Party Systems in the Making: The Emergence and Success of New Parties in New Democracies’ British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 113-133.
Ülker, Ö.A. (2010) ‘Kanserde Çevresel Faktörlerin Etkisi 85%’ [85% of the Cancer Cases in Cyprus are Caused by Environmental Factors]. Available at [http://www.yeniduzen.com/detay.asp?a=23608], accessed on 25 April 2011.
Van Biezen, I. (2003) ‘Financing Political Parties and Election Campaigns – Guidelines’. Germany, Council of Europe. Available at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/evaluations/round3/Financing_Political_Parties_en.pdf], accessed on 25 April 2011.
Van Biezen, I. and Kopeckãy, P. (2001) ‘On the Predominance of State Money: Reassessing Party Financing in New Democracies of Southern and Eastern Europe’, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 401-429.
Willey, J. (1998) ‘Institutional Arrangements and the Success of New Parties in Old Democracies’ Political Studies, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 651-668.
World Values Survey Association (WVS) (2009) ‘World Values Survey 1981-2008 Official Aggregate v.20090901’. Aggregate File Producer: ASEP/JDS, Madrid. Available at [www.worldvaluessurvey.org], accessed on 20 March 2012.
Interviews
Dayıoğlu, T. (2011) Online Interview with the author, April 2011.
Erdil, E. (2011) Online Interview with the author, April 2011.
Eroğlu, G. (2011) Online Interview with the author, April 2011.
Sahir, D. (2011) Interview with the author, April 2011.
Alber, J. (1989) ‘Modernization, Cleavage Structures, and the Rise of Green Parties and Lists in Europe’, in Müller-Rommel, F. (ed.), Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 195-210.
Botetzagias, I. (2007) ‘Clinging on? The Cypriot Greens’, Environmental Politics, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 124-129.
Carter, N. (2007) The Politics of the Environment: Ideas, Activism, Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cox, G. (1997) Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World’s Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
CSO Directory (2007) Available at [www.csodirectory-cyprus.eu], accessed on 20 March 2011.
Donovan, T. (2000) ‘Mobilization and Support for Minority Parties: Australian Senate Elections’, Party Politics, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 473-486.
Duverger, M. (1959) Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. London: Methuen.
European Values Study (EVS) (2008) V.2.0.0, 10-11-30, Available at [www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu], accessed on 20 March 2011.
EU Profiler (2009) ‘Cyprus’. Available at [www.euprofiler.eu], accessed on 20 March 2011.
Eurostat (2011) ‘Eurostat Unemployment Rates’. Available at [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php?title=File:Table_unemployment_rates.PNG&filetimestamp=20110401095503], accessed on 25 April 2011.
Frankland, E.G. (1994) ‘Germany: The Rise, Fall and Recovery of Die Grünen’, in Richardson, D, and Rootes, C. (eds), The Green Challenge: The Development of Green Parties in Europe. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 22-38.
Gaube, A. (2002) ‘Slovenia’s Patchy Transparency’, Transitions. Available at [http://www.tol.org/client/article/7412-slovenias-patchy-transparency.html?print], accessed on 16 April 2011.
Harmel, R. and Robertson, J. (1985) ‘Formation and Success of New Parties: A Cross National Analysis’, International Political Science Review, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 501-523.
Hug, S. (2000) ‘Studying the Electoral Success of New Political Parties’, Party Politics, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 187-197.
Ikstens, J., Smilov, D. and Walecki, M. (2001) ‘Party and Campaign Funding in Eastern Europe: A Study of 18 Member Countries of the ACEEEO’, Proceedings of the ACEEEO Annual Conference Transparent Election Campaign Financing in the 21st Century, Brijuni, Croatia.
Inglehart, R. (1971) ‘The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-industrial Societies’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 991-1017.
Inglehart, R. (1977) The Silent Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R. (1990) Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R. (2007) ‘Postmaterialism’, Encyclopaedia Britannica.
International Monetary Fund (2006) ‘International Monetary Fund European Union Gross Domestic Product Based on Purchasing-Power-Parity (PPP) Valuation of Country GDP’. Available at [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1 &ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=70&pr1.y=8&c=998&s=PPPGDP&grp=1&a=1], accessed on 25 April 2011.
Kaelberer, M. (1998) ‘Party Competition, Social Movements, and Post-materialist Values: Exploring the Formation of Green Parties in France and Germany’, Contemporary Politics, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 299-315.
Katz, R.S. and Crotty, W.J. (2006) Handbook of Party Politics. London: Sage.
Kitschelt, H. (1986) ‘Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-nuclear Movements in Four Democracies’, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 57-85.
Kitschelt, H. (1988) ‘Left-Libertarian Parties: Explaining Innovation in Competitive Party Systems’, World Politics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 194-234.
Lago, I. and Martinez, F. (2011) ‘Why New Parties?’, Party Politics, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 3-20.
Lijphart, A. (1984) Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-one Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Meguid, B.M. (2005) ‘Competition between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 99, No. 3, pp. 347-359.
Miragliotta, N. (2010) ‘From Local to National: Explaining the Formation of the Australian Green Party’, Party Politics, December, pp. 1-17
Müller-Rommel, F. (1985a) ‘Ecology Parties in Western Europe’, West European Politics, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 68-74.
Müller-Rommel, F. (1985b) ‘The Greens in Western Europe: Similar but Different’, International Political Science Review, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 483-499.
Müller-Rommel, F. (1989) ‘Green Parties and Alternative Lists under Cross-national Perspective’, in Müller-Rommel F. (ed.), New Politics in Western Europe: The Rise and Success of Green Parties and Alternative Lists. Boulder, San Francisco/London: Westview Press.
Müller-Rommel, F. (1998) ‘Explaining the Electoral Success of Green Parties: A Cross-national Analysis’, Environmental Politics, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 145-154.
O’Neill, M. (1997) Green Parties and Political Change in Contemporary Europe: New Politics Old Predicaments. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
Özgeç, G. (2011) ‘Kanserde Dünya Beşincisiyiz’. Haber Kıbrıs. Available at [http://www.haberkibris.com/n.php?n=kanserde-dunya-besincisiyiz-2011-03-23], accessed on 25 April 2011.
Pedahzur, A. and Yishai, Y. (2001) ‘Democracy without Environmental Parties: The Israeli Experience’, Contemporary Politics, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 191-204.
Rae, D. (1967) The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Redding, K. and Viterna, J. (1999) ‘Political Demands, Political Opportunities: Explaining the Differential Success of Left-Libertarian Parties’, Social Forces, Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 491-510.
Richardson, D. (1994) ‘The Green Challenge: Philosophical, Programmatic and Electoral Considerations’, in Richardson, D, and Rootes, C. (eds), The Green Challenge: The Development of Green Parties in Europe. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 4-22.
Rochon, T. (1985) ‘Mobilizers and Challengers: Toward a Theory of New Party Success’, International Political Science Review, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 419-439.
Rohrschneider, R. (1993) ‘Impact of Social Movements on European Party Systems’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 528, No. 1, pp. 157-170.
Rootes, C. (1994) ‘Environmental Consciousness, Institutional Structures and Political Competition in the Formation and Development of Green Parties’, in Richardson, D, and Rootes, C. (eds), The Green Challenge: The Development of Green Parties in Europe. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 232-252.
Rudig, W. (1990) ‘Explaining Green Party Development’, Strathclyde Papers on Government and Politics, No. 7.
Selb, P. and Pituctin, S. (2010) ‘Methodological Issues in the Study of New Parties’ Entry and Electoral Success’, Party Politics, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 147-170.
Sikk, A. (2003) ‘A Cartel Party System in a Post-communist Country? The Case of Estonia’, Proceedings of the ECPR General Conference, Marburg.
Smith, J.K. (2005) ‘Green Space: Explaining Variation in Green Party Success’, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C.
Spretnak, C. and Capra, F. (1985) Green Politics: The Global Promise. London: Paladin Grafton Books.
Standard Eurobarometer 74 (2010) ‘Avrupa Birli¤inde Kamuoyu, K›br›s Türk Toplumu’ [Public Opinion in the European Union, Turkish Cypriot Community], Autumn.
Star Kıbrıs (2007) ‘CMC ve Şeytan Çamuru’. Available at [http://www.starkibris.net/index.asp? haberID=6198], accessed on 25 April 2011.
Tavits, M. (2007) ‘Party Systems in the Making: The Emergence and Success of New Parties in New Democracies’ British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 113-133.
Ülker, Ö.A. (2010) ‘Kanserde Çevresel Faktörlerin Etkisi 85%’ [85% of the Cancer Cases in Cyprus are Caused by Environmental Factors]. Available at [http://www.yeniduzen.com/detay.asp?a=23608], accessed on 25 April 2011.
Van Biezen, I. (2003) ‘Financing Political Parties and Election Campaigns – Guidelines’. Germany, Council of Europe. Available at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/evaluations/round3/Financing_Political_Parties_en.pdf], accessed on 25 April 2011.
Van Biezen, I. and Kopeckãy, P. (2001) ‘On the Predominance of State Money: Reassessing Party Financing in New Democracies of Southern and Eastern Europe’, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 401-429.
Willey, J. (1998) ‘Institutional Arrangements and the Success of New Parties in Old Democracies’ Political Studies, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 651-668.
World Values Survey Association (WVS) (2009) ‘World Values Survey 1981-2008 Official Aggregate v.20090901’. Aggregate File Producer: ASEP/JDS, Madrid. Available at [www.worldvaluessurvey.org], accessed on 20 March 2012.
Interviews
Dayıoğlu, T. (2011) Online Interview with the author, April 2011.
Erdil, E. (2011) Online Interview with the author, April 2011.
Eroğlu, G. (2011) Online Interview with the author, April 2011.
Sahir, D. (2011) Interview with the author, April 2011.
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“Explaining Green Party Absence in Northern Cyprus”. 2017. Cyprus Review 24 (1): 39-54. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/144.