AKEL and the Turkish Cypriots (1941–1955)
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Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explore the political relations between AKEL and the Turkish Cypriot community during the period 1941–1955. AKEL’s post-1974 policies towards the Turkish Cypriots had led to a political misconception concerning its political relations with the Turkish Cypriot community for the period that preceded 1955. Undeniably, AKEL’s attitude to the Turkish Cypriots had diachronically been much more liberal and tolerant than the approach expressed by many nationalist – Right-wing politicians. However, AKEL’s attempt to employ ‘class rhetoric’ in order to allure the minority into the ‘Greek Cypriot national liberation struggle’ had little effect upon the Turkish Cypriot masses. Contrary to the ideological and social divisions that cut across the Greek Cypriot community, the fear of enosis within the Turkish Cypriot community dominated political and ideological discussions. The political elite of the Turkish Cypriot community perceived AKEL not only as a ‘national’ threat but as an ideological menace as well.
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Keywords
AKEL, PEO, KTMBP, KTIBK, communicsm, enosis, contempt, Turkish Cypriots, nationalism, anti-communism
References
ΔIAYE: Diplomatic and Historic Archive of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Athens
ΔIAYE: 1945, 38.6, Kountouriotis, Consul of Greece to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 22 September 1944.
ΔIAYE: 1949, File 69, Subfile 2, Consul Liapis to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Secret, 20 April 1949.
AΣKI: Archive of Contemporary Social History, Athens
AΣKI: [Archive of Contemporary Social History – ASKI] Archive KKE, Box. 371 F. 20/21/14, «Μια συνοπτική έκθεση πάνω στην κυπριακή κατάσταση και το
ΑΚΕΛ» [A brief report on the situation in Cyprus and AKEL], F. Ioannou, Free Greece, November 1948.
AΣKI: Archive of the Communist Party of Greece, KKE, Box. 371 F. 20/21/21, «’Εκθεση δράσης της Κ.Ε. ΑΚΕΛ» [Action report by the Central Committee of AKEL], September 1947–May 1949 (N. Savvides).
AΣKI: Archive of the Communist Party of Greece, KKE, Box. 371 F. 20/21/22, «Θέσεις πάνω στο εθνικό ζήτημα» [Position on the national issue], 7 June 1951.
AΣKI: Archive of the Communist Party of Greece, KKE, Box. 372 F. 20/21/6, KKE to K.E. AKEΛ, [Greek Communist Party to Central Committee of AKEL], 27 May 1954.
Newspapers
Anexartitos, 25 March 1943; 2 April 1943.
Ateş, 12 December 1949.
Cyprus Mail, 21 April 1947; 21 May 1946; 24 November 1946; 30 November 1948; 15 December 1949.
Dimokratis, 13 December 1949.
Efimerida ton Hiton, 19 December 1949.
Efimeris, 15 January 1949.
Eleftheria, 21 August 1944; 2 June 1946; 19 January 1950.
Eleftheria (Athens), 18 January 1950; 21 January 1948.
Empros, 17 January 1950.
Ethnos, 30 November 1948; 2 December 1948; 7 March 1950.
Foni tis Kiprou, 26 March 1911; 4 December 1948; 17 December 1949.
Halkın Sesi, 4 June 1943; 14 June 1944; 5 September 1946; 10 September 1949; 13 December 1949; 20 October 1954.
Hür Söz, 5 September 1946; 7 January 1949; 6 December 1949.
Neos Dimokratis, 16 March 1950.
Neos Kypriakos Fylax, 26 March 1936; 19 December 1946.
Söz, 13 August 1931.
Theoritikos Dimokratis, August 1949; 10 January 1947; 20 April 1947; December 1954.
Municipality Council’s Minutes
Municipality Council Minutes, Nicosia: 1943–1962.
Municipality Council Minutes, Larnaca: 1943–1953.
Municipality Council Minutes, Limassol: 1943–1953.
Municipality Council Minutes, Paphos: 1943–1956.
Pancyprian Trade Union Conferences of PEO
Minutes of the 3rd Pancyprian Trade Union Conference, 24 and 25 September 1944. Nicosia: Library of Archbishopric of Cyprus.
Minutes of the 4th Pancyprian Trade Union Conference, 30 and 31 March 1946. Nicosia: Library of Archbishopric of Cyprus.
Minutes of the 6th Pancyprian Trade Union Conference, 1 and 2 May 1949. Nicosia: Library of Archbishopric of Cyprus.
Secondary Sources
Books – Monographs
An, A. (2002) ‘An Overview of the Past and Present of the Turkish Cypriot Left’. Available at [http://www.kibrisim.org/dosya/Ahmet], accessed on 3 December 2013.
Anagnostopoulou, S. (2004) Τουρκικός εκσυγχρονισμός: Ισλάμ και Τοθρκοκύπριοι στη δαιδαλώδη διαδρμή του κεμαλισμμού [Turkish Modernity: Islam and Turkish Cypriots on the Tortuous Path of Kemalism]. Athens: Βιβλιόραμα.
Crawshaw, N. (1978) The Cyprus Revolt. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Francois, C. (2011) Η Κυπριακή Διένεξη 1946–1959, Τόμος Α’ [The Cyprus Conflict 1946–1959, Vol. A’]. Athens: Μορφωτικό ‘Ιδρυμα Τράπεζας.
Kakkoulis, L. (1990) Η αριστερά και οι Τοθρκοκύπριοι: Το Κυπριακό από μια άλλη σκοπιά·[The Left and the Turkish Cypriots: The Cyprus Problem from another Point of View]. Nicosia: Τυπογραφεία Κασσουλίδη.
Katsiaounis, R. (1997) Η Διασκεπτική: 1946-1948 (Με Ανασκόπηση της Περιόδου1878–1945) [The Consultative Assembly: 1946–1948 (With a Review of the Period 1878–1945)]. Nicosia: Κέντρο Επιστημονικών Ερευνών.
Kızılyürek, N. (2002) Milliyetcilik Kıskacında Kıbrıs [Cyprus in the Grip of Nationalism]. İstanbul: Iletişim Yayınları.
Kızılyürek, N. (2006) Κεμαλισμός: Η γένεση και η εξέλιξη της επίσημης ιδεολογίας της σύγχρονης Τουρκίας [Kemalism: The Birth and Evolution of the Official Ideology of Modern Turkey]. Athens: Μεσόγειος.
Kızılyürek, N. (2010) ‘Rauf Denktas: Fear and Nationalism in the Turkish Cypriot Community’, in Aktar, A., Kizilyurek, N. and Ozkirimli, U. (eds), Nationalism in the Troubled Triangle: Cyprus, Greece and Turkey. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 175–193.
Ktoris, S. (2013) Τουρκοκύπριοι: Από το περιθώριο στο συνεταιρισμό (1923–1960) [Turkish Cypriots: From Marginalisation to Partnership 1923–1960]. Athens: Παπαζήση.
Michaelides, M. (2010) ‘The Turkish Cypriot Working Class and the Cyprus Labour Movement 1920–1963’, in Solomou, E. and Faustmann, H. (eds), Colonial Cyprus 1878–1960, Selective Readings AKEL AND THE TURKISH CYPRIOTS (1941–1955) from The Cyprus Review. Nicosia: University of Nicosia Press, pp. 111–135.
Nevzat, A. (2005) Nationalism amongst the Turks of Cyprus: The First Wave. Finland: Oulu University Press.
Paionides, P. (1995) Ανδρέας Ζιαρτίδης: Χωρίς φόβο και πάθος [Andreas Ziartides: Without Fear and Passion]. Nicosia: Privately printed.
Perdios, M. ‘Δοκίμιο Ιστορίας ΚΚΚ’ [Essay of the History of KKK], Volumes I–III. Unpublished Document.
Protopapas, V. (2012) Εκλογική Ιστορία της Κύπρου: πολιτευτές, κόμματα και εκλογές στην Αγγλοκρατία (1878–1960) [The Electoral History of Cyprus: Politicians, Parties and Elections during the British Colonial Period (1878–1960)]. Athens: Θεμέλιο.
Psirouki, N. (1965) Το Κυπριακό. Το οξύτερο εθνικό μας πρόβλημα [The Cyprus Issue: Our Most Politically Acute Problem]. Athens: Εκδόσεις «Εργασία».
Servas, P. (1975) Πως τα καταφέραμε και φτάσαμε στο μηδέν; [How Did We Manage to Reach Point Zero?]. Athens: Διάλογος.
Servas, P. (1997) Κοινή πατρίδα [Common Homeland]. Athens: Πρόοδος.
Varnava, P. (2004) Κοινοί αργατιοί αγώνες Ελληνοκυπρίων και Τουρκοκυπρίων [The Common Labour Struggles of Greek and Turkish Cypriots (Events through History)].Nicosia: Εκδόσεις ΠΕΟ.
Wosgian, D.S. (1963) ‘Turks and British Rule in Cyprus’. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Columbia University.
Special Editions
AKEΛ, M’ινιμου Πρόγραμμα, ‘Η ‘Ενωση της Κύπρου με την Ελλάδα. Χωρίς όρους χωρίς ανταλλάγματα’ [Minimum Programme, The Union of Cyprus with Greece. Unconditional], Nicosia, 28 June 1952.
The Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL), News Bulletin, Vol. I. No. 4/49, August 1949.
Republic of Cyprus, Annual Report of the Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance for the Year 1968, Nicosia, 1969.
Ιστρορία ΠΣΕ-ΠΕΟ [History of PSE–PEO] (1991) Nicosia: PEO.
‘Turks of Cyprus Protest Against the Desire of Union with Greece’ (1950) A Counter Appeal to the United Nations. Nicosia: Bozkurt Press.
Ιστρορία του ΚΚΕ-ΑΚΕΛ, Από τις αρχές του 20ου αιώνα μέχρι το 1981 [History of the Communist Party of Cyprus–AKEL]. Unpublished document of the Central Committee of AKEL, Volumes I–V. Nicosia.
ΔIAYE: 1945, 38.6, Kountouriotis, Consul of Greece to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 22 September 1944.
ΔIAYE: 1949, File 69, Subfile 2, Consul Liapis to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Secret, 20 April 1949.
AΣKI: Archive of Contemporary Social History, Athens
AΣKI: [Archive of Contemporary Social History – ASKI] Archive KKE, Box. 371 F. 20/21/14, «Μια συνοπτική έκθεση πάνω στην κυπριακή κατάσταση και το
ΑΚΕΛ» [A brief report on the situation in Cyprus and AKEL], F. Ioannou, Free Greece, November 1948.
AΣKI: Archive of the Communist Party of Greece, KKE, Box. 371 F. 20/21/21, «’Εκθεση δράσης της Κ.Ε. ΑΚΕΛ» [Action report by the Central Committee of AKEL], September 1947–May 1949 (N. Savvides).
AΣKI: Archive of the Communist Party of Greece, KKE, Box. 371 F. 20/21/22, «Θέσεις πάνω στο εθνικό ζήτημα» [Position on the national issue], 7 June 1951.
AΣKI: Archive of the Communist Party of Greece, KKE, Box. 372 F. 20/21/6, KKE to K.E. AKEΛ, [Greek Communist Party to Central Committee of AKEL], 27 May 1954.
Newspapers
Anexartitos, 25 March 1943; 2 April 1943.
Ateş, 12 December 1949.
Cyprus Mail, 21 April 1947; 21 May 1946; 24 November 1946; 30 November 1948; 15 December 1949.
Dimokratis, 13 December 1949.
Efimerida ton Hiton, 19 December 1949.
Efimeris, 15 January 1949.
Eleftheria, 21 August 1944; 2 June 1946; 19 January 1950.
Eleftheria (Athens), 18 January 1950; 21 January 1948.
Empros, 17 January 1950.
Ethnos, 30 November 1948; 2 December 1948; 7 March 1950.
Foni tis Kiprou, 26 March 1911; 4 December 1948; 17 December 1949.
Halkın Sesi, 4 June 1943; 14 June 1944; 5 September 1946; 10 September 1949; 13 December 1949; 20 October 1954.
Hür Söz, 5 September 1946; 7 January 1949; 6 December 1949.
Neos Dimokratis, 16 March 1950.
Neos Kypriakos Fylax, 26 March 1936; 19 December 1946.
Söz, 13 August 1931.
Theoritikos Dimokratis, August 1949; 10 January 1947; 20 April 1947; December 1954.
Municipality Council’s Minutes
Municipality Council Minutes, Nicosia: 1943–1962.
Municipality Council Minutes, Larnaca: 1943–1953.
Municipality Council Minutes, Limassol: 1943–1953.
Municipality Council Minutes, Paphos: 1943–1956.
Pancyprian Trade Union Conferences of PEO
Minutes of the 3rd Pancyprian Trade Union Conference, 24 and 25 September 1944. Nicosia: Library of Archbishopric of Cyprus.
Minutes of the 4th Pancyprian Trade Union Conference, 30 and 31 March 1946. Nicosia: Library of Archbishopric of Cyprus.
Minutes of the 6th Pancyprian Trade Union Conference, 1 and 2 May 1949. Nicosia: Library of Archbishopric of Cyprus.
Secondary Sources
Books – Monographs
An, A. (2002) ‘An Overview of the Past and Present of the Turkish Cypriot Left’. Available at [http://www.kibrisim.org/dosya/Ahmet], accessed on 3 December 2013.
Anagnostopoulou, S. (2004) Τουρκικός εκσυγχρονισμός: Ισλάμ και Τοθρκοκύπριοι στη δαιδαλώδη διαδρμή του κεμαλισμμού [Turkish Modernity: Islam and Turkish Cypriots on the Tortuous Path of Kemalism]. Athens: Βιβλιόραμα.
Crawshaw, N. (1978) The Cyprus Revolt. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Francois, C. (2011) Η Κυπριακή Διένεξη 1946–1959, Τόμος Α’ [The Cyprus Conflict 1946–1959, Vol. A’]. Athens: Μορφωτικό ‘Ιδρυμα Τράπεζας.
Kakkoulis, L. (1990) Η αριστερά και οι Τοθρκοκύπριοι: Το Κυπριακό από μια άλλη σκοπιά·[The Left and the Turkish Cypriots: The Cyprus Problem from another Point of View]. Nicosia: Τυπογραφεία Κασσουλίδη.
Katsiaounis, R. (1997) Η Διασκεπτική: 1946-1948 (Με Ανασκόπηση της Περιόδου1878–1945) [The Consultative Assembly: 1946–1948 (With a Review of the Period 1878–1945)]. Nicosia: Κέντρο Επιστημονικών Ερευνών.
Kızılyürek, N. (2002) Milliyetcilik Kıskacında Kıbrıs [Cyprus in the Grip of Nationalism]. İstanbul: Iletişim Yayınları.
Kızılyürek, N. (2006) Κεμαλισμός: Η γένεση και η εξέλιξη της επίσημης ιδεολογίας της σύγχρονης Τουρκίας [Kemalism: The Birth and Evolution of the Official Ideology of Modern Turkey]. Athens: Μεσόγειος.
Kızılyürek, N. (2010) ‘Rauf Denktas: Fear and Nationalism in the Turkish Cypriot Community’, in Aktar, A., Kizilyurek, N. and Ozkirimli, U. (eds), Nationalism in the Troubled Triangle: Cyprus, Greece and Turkey. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 175–193.
Ktoris, S. (2013) Τουρκοκύπριοι: Από το περιθώριο στο συνεταιρισμό (1923–1960) [Turkish Cypriots: From Marginalisation to Partnership 1923–1960]. Athens: Παπαζήση.
Michaelides, M. (2010) ‘The Turkish Cypriot Working Class and the Cyprus Labour Movement 1920–1963’, in Solomou, E. and Faustmann, H. (eds), Colonial Cyprus 1878–1960, Selective Readings AKEL AND THE TURKISH CYPRIOTS (1941–1955) from The Cyprus Review. Nicosia: University of Nicosia Press, pp. 111–135.
Nevzat, A. (2005) Nationalism amongst the Turks of Cyprus: The First Wave. Finland: Oulu University Press.
Paionides, P. (1995) Ανδρέας Ζιαρτίδης: Χωρίς φόβο και πάθος [Andreas Ziartides: Without Fear and Passion]. Nicosia: Privately printed.
Perdios, M. ‘Δοκίμιο Ιστορίας ΚΚΚ’ [Essay of the History of KKK], Volumes I–III. Unpublished Document.
Protopapas, V. (2012) Εκλογική Ιστορία της Κύπρου: πολιτευτές, κόμματα και εκλογές στην Αγγλοκρατία (1878–1960) [The Electoral History of Cyprus: Politicians, Parties and Elections during the British Colonial Period (1878–1960)]. Athens: Θεμέλιο.
Psirouki, N. (1965) Το Κυπριακό. Το οξύτερο εθνικό μας πρόβλημα [The Cyprus Issue: Our Most Politically Acute Problem]. Athens: Εκδόσεις «Εργασία».
Servas, P. (1975) Πως τα καταφέραμε και φτάσαμε στο μηδέν; [How Did We Manage to Reach Point Zero?]. Athens: Διάλογος.
Servas, P. (1997) Κοινή πατρίδα [Common Homeland]. Athens: Πρόοδος.
Varnava, P. (2004) Κοινοί αργατιοί αγώνες Ελληνοκυπρίων και Τουρκοκυπρίων [The Common Labour Struggles of Greek and Turkish Cypriots (Events through History)].Nicosia: Εκδόσεις ΠΕΟ.
Wosgian, D.S. (1963) ‘Turks and British Rule in Cyprus’. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Columbia University.
Special Editions
AKEΛ, M’ινιμου Πρόγραμμα, ‘Η ‘Ενωση της Κύπρου με την Ελλάδα. Χωρίς όρους χωρίς ανταλλάγματα’ [Minimum Programme, The Union of Cyprus with Greece. Unconditional], Nicosia, 28 June 1952.
The Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL), News Bulletin, Vol. I. No. 4/49, August 1949.
Republic of Cyprus, Annual Report of the Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance for the Year 1968, Nicosia, 1969.
Ιστρορία ΠΣΕ-ΠΕΟ [History of PSE–PEO] (1991) Nicosia: PEO.
‘Turks of Cyprus Protest Against the Desire of Union with Greece’ (1950) A Counter Appeal to the United Nations. Nicosia: Bozkurt Press.
Ιστρορία του ΚΚΕ-ΑΚΕΛ, Από τις αρχές του 20ου αιώνα μέχρι το 1981 [History of the Communist Party of Cyprus–AKEL]. Unpublished document of the Central Committee of AKEL, Volumes I–V. Nicosia.
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How to Cite
“AKEL and the Turkish Cypriots (1941–1955)”. 2017. Cyprus Review 25 (2): 15-38. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/106.