Relations between Peer Attachment, Self-Esteem, and Perceived Parental Bonding in Greek Cypriot and British Young Adults
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Abstract
Greek Cypriot (N=272) and British (N=170) students completed assessments of (a) perceptions of childhood relationships with parents, (b) peer attachment, and (c) self-esteem. In comparison with British students, Greek Cypriot students were more likely to classify their relationships with peers as insecure, and perceived both of their parents to be more overprotective. In both the Greek Cypriot and British samples, individuals who classified relationships with peers as secure perceived their mothers to have been more caring and less overprotective, and had higher self-esteem compared to individuals who classified relationships with peers as preoccupied or fearful. Regardless of nationality, higher self-esteem was related to higher perceived parental care and lower perceived parental overprotection. The results are discussed with reference to differences in family structure in Cyprus and the UK.
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Keywords
parental bonding, peer attachment, culture, self-esteem
References
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Allen, J.P., Hauser, S.T., Bell, K.L. and O’Connor, T.G. (1994) ‘Longitudinal Assessment of Autonomy and Relatedness in Adolescent-family Interactions as Predictors of Adolescent Ego Development and Selfesteem’, Child Development, Vol. 65, pp. 179-194.
Allen, J.P. and Land, D. (1999) ‘Attachment in Adolescence’ in Cassidy, J. and Shaver, P. (eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Research, Theory, and Clinical Applications. New York: The Guildford Press, pp. 319-335.
Armsden, G. and Greenberg, M. (1987) ‘The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment: Individual Differences and their Relationship to Psychological Well-being in Adolescence’, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 16, pp. 427-454.
Attalides, M. (1981) Social Change and Urbanization in Cyprus: A Study of Nicosia. Nicosia: Social Research Centre.
Bartholomew, K. and Horowitz, L. (1991) ‘Attachment Styles among Young Adults: A Test of a Four- Category Model’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 61, pp. 226-224.
Bowlby, J. (1969/1982) Attachment and Loss: Vol. I. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973) Attachment and Loss: Vol . II. Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss: Vol. III. Loss: Sadness and Depression. New York: Basic Books.
Chambers, J., Power, K., Loucks, N. and Swanson, V. (2001) ‘The Interactions of Perceived Maternal and Paternal Parenting Styles and their Relation with the Psychological Distress and Offending Characteristics of Incarcerated Young Offenders’, Journal of Adolescence, Vol. 24, pp. 209-227.
Charalambous, N. (2006) ‘Cyprus’ in Georgas, J., Berry, J., van de Vijver, F., Kagitcibasi, C. and Poortinga, Y. (eds.), Families across Cultures: A 30-Nation Psychological Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.303-318.
Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Coleman, P.G., Ivani-Chalian, C. and Robinson, M. (1993) ‘Self-esteem and its Sources: Stability and Change in Later Life’, Aging and Society, Vol. 13, pp. 171-192.
Dinh, K.T., Sarason, B.R. and Sarason, I.G. (1994) ‘Parent-child Relationships in Vietnamese Immigrant Families’, Journal of Family Psychology, Vol. 8, pp. 471-488.
Ekstein, R. (1991) ‘The Psychology and Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Borderline and Psychotic Conditions of Childhood’ in Greenspan, S.I. and Pollock, G.H. (eds.), The Course of Life. Vol. III: Middle and Late Childhood. Madison, Wis: International Universities Press.
Fosse, G.K. and Holen, A. (2007) ‘Reported Maltreatment in Childhood in Relation to the Personality Features of Norwegian Adult Psychiatric Outpatients’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 195, pp. 79-82.
George, C., Kaplan, N. and Main, M. (1985) ‘The Adult Attachment Interview’. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley.
Gove, W.R., Ortega, S.T. and Briggs, S.C. (1989) ‘The Maturational and Role Perspectives on Aging and Self through the Adult Years: An Empirical Evaluation’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94, pp. 1117-1145.
Griffin, D.W. and Bartholomew, K. (1994) ‘The Metaphysics of Measurement: The Case of Adult Attachment’ in Bartholomew, K. and Perlman, D. (eds.), Advances in Personal Relationships, Vol. 5. London: Jessica Kingsley, pp. 17-52.
Hazan, C. and Shaver, P.R. (1987) ‘Romantic Love Conceptualized as an Attachment Process’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 52, pp. 511-524.
Herz, L. and Gullone, E. (1999) ‘The Relationship between Self-esteem and Parenting Style’, Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, Vol. 30, pp. 742-761.
Intercollege (2004) The Situation of the Cypriot Family Today. Nicosia: Research and Development Center.
Laible, D.J., Carlo, G. and Roesch, S.C. (2004) ‘Pathways to Self-esteem in Late Adolescence: The Role of Parent and Peer Attachment, Empathy, and Social Behaviours’, Journal of Adolescence, Vol. 27, pp. 703-716.
Markides, K., Nikita, S. and Rangou, E. (1978) Lysi: Social Change in a Cypriot Village. Nicosia: Zavallis Press.
Markus, H.R. and Kitayama, S. (1991) ‘Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion and Motivation’, Psychological Review, Vol. 98, No. 2, pp. 224-253.
Matsuoka, N., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Chen, Z., Shikai, N., Kishida, Y. and Kitamura, T. (2006) ‘Adolescents’ Attachment Style and Early Experiences: A Gender Difference’, Archives of Women’s Mental Health, Vol. 9, pp. 23-29.
Mavratsas, C. (1992) ‘The Greek and Greek-Cypriot Economic Ethos: A Sociocultural Analysis’, The Cyprus Review, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Fall), pp. 7-43.
Pantke, R. and Slade, P. (2006) ‘Remembered Parenting Style and Psychological well-being in Young Adults whose Parents had Experienced Early Child Loss’, Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory, Research, and Practice, Vol. 79, pp. 69-81.
Park, L.E., Crocker, J. and Mickelson, K.D. (2007) ‘Attachment Styles and Contingencies of Self-worth’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 30, pp. 1243-1254.
Parker, G. and Lipscombe, P. (1979) ‘Parental Characteristics of Jews and Greeks in Australia’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 13, pp. 225-229.
Parker, G., Tupling, H. and Brown, L. (1979) ‘A Parental Bonding Instrument’, British Journal of Medical Psychology, Vol. 52, pp. 1-10.
Passmore, N.L., Fogarty, G.J., Bourke, C.J. and Baker-Evans, S.F. (2005) ‘Parental Bonding and Identity Style as Correlates of Self-esteem among Adult Adoptees and Non-adoptees’, Family Relations, Vol. 54, pp. 523-534.
Peristianis, N. (2004) ‘Religious, Ethnic and Gender Factors affecting Sexuality’ in Francoeur, R. and Noonan, R. (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Sexuality. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, pp. 280-296.
Peristiany, J. (1965) Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Rosenberg, M. (1965) Society and the Adolescent Child. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Salsali, M. and Silverstone, P.H. (2003) ‘Low Self-esteem and Psychiatric Patients: Part II - The Relationship between Self-esteem and Demographic Factors and Psychosocial Stressors in Psychiatric Patients’, Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry, Vol. 2, No. 3.
Schmitt, D.P. and Allik, J. (2005) ‘Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-specific Features of Global Self-esteem’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 89, pp. 623-642.
Schwartz, S.H. (1994) ‘Beyond Individualism-collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values’ in Kim, U., Triandis, H.C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S.C. and Yoon, G. (eds.), Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 85-119.
Sroufe, L.A. (2005) ‘Attachment and Development: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study from Birth to Adulthood’, Attachment and Human Development, Vol. 7, pp. 349-367.
Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (2007) Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Trzesniewski, K.H., Donnellan, M.B. and Robins, R.W. (2003) ‘Stability of Self-esteem across the Life Span’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 84, pp. 205-220.
van IJzendoorn, M.H. and Kroonenberg, P.M. (1988) ‘Cross-cultural Patterns of Attachment: A Metaanalysis of the Strange Situation’, Child Development, Vol. 59, pp. 147-156.
Wilhelm, K. and Parker, G. (1990) ‘Reliability of the Parental Bonding Instrument and the Intimate Bond Measure Scales’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 24, pp. 199-202.
Allen, J.P., Hauser, S.T., Bell, K.L. and O’Connor, T.G. (1994) ‘Longitudinal Assessment of Autonomy and Relatedness in Adolescent-family Interactions as Predictors of Adolescent Ego Development and Selfesteem’, Child Development, Vol. 65, pp. 179-194.
Allen, J.P. and Land, D. (1999) ‘Attachment in Adolescence’ in Cassidy, J. and Shaver, P. (eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Research, Theory, and Clinical Applications. New York: The Guildford Press, pp. 319-335.
Armsden, G. and Greenberg, M. (1987) ‘The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment: Individual Differences and their Relationship to Psychological Well-being in Adolescence’, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 16, pp. 427-454.
Attalides, M. (1981) Social Change and Urbanization in Cyprus: A Study of Nicosia. Nicosia: Social Research Centre.
Bartholomew, K. and Horowitz, L. (1991) ‘Attachment Styles among Young Adults: A Test of a Four- Category Model’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 61, pp. 226-224.
Bowlby, J. (1969/1982) Attachment and Loss: Vol. I. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973) Attachment and Loss: Vol . II. Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss: Vol. III. Loss: Sadness and Depression. New York: Basic Books.
Chambers, J., Power, K., Loucks, N. and Swanson, V. (2001) ‘The Interactions of Perceived Maternal and Paternal Parenting Styles and their Relation with the Psychological Distress and Offending Characteristics of Incarcerated Young Offenders’, Journal of Adolescence, Vol. 24, pp. 209-227.
Charalambous, N. (2006) ‘Cyprus’ in Georgas, J., Berry, J., van de Vijver, F., Kagitcibasi, C. and Poortinga, Y. (eds.), Families across Cultures: A 30-Nation Psychological Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.303-318.
Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Coleman, P.G., Ivani-Chalian, C. and Robinson, M. (1993) ‘Self-esteem and its Sources: Stability and Change in Later Life’, Aging and Society, Vol. 13, pp. 171-192.
Dinh, K.T., Sarason, B.R. and Sarason, I.G. (1994) ‘Parent-child Relationships in Vietnamese Immigrant Families’, Journal of Family Psychology, Vol. 8, pp. 471-488.
Ekstein, R. (1991) ‘The Psychology and Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Borderline and Psychotic Conditions of Childhood’ in Greenspan, S.I. and Pollock, G.H. (eds.), The Course of Life. Vol. III: Middle and Late Childhood. Madison, Wis: International Universities Press.
Fosse, G.K. and Holen, A. (2007) ‘Reported Maltreatment in Childhood in Relation to the Personality Features of Norwegian Adult Psychiatric Outpatients’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 195, pp. 79-82.
George, C., Kaplan, N. and Main, M. (1985) ‘The Adult Attachment Interview’. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley.
Gove, W.R., Ortega, S.T. and Briggs, S.C. (1989) ‘The Maturational and Role Perspectives on Aging and Self through the Adult Years: An Empirical Evaluation’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94, pp. 1117-1145.
Griffin, D.W. and Bartholomew, K. (1994) ‘The Metaphysics of Measurement: The Case of Adult Attachment’ in Bartholomew, K. and Perlman, D. (eds.), Advances in Personal Relationships, Vol. 5. London: Jessica Kingsley, pp. 17-52.
Hazan, C. and Shaver, P.R. (1987) ‘Romantic Love Conceptualized as an Attachment Process’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 52, pp. 511-524.
Herz, L. and Gullone, E. (1999) ‘The Relationship between Self-esteem and Parenting Style’, Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, Vol. 30, pp. 742-761.
Intercollege (2004) The Situation of the Cypriot Family Today. Nicosia: Research and Development Center.
Laible, D.J., Carlo, G. and Roesch, S.C. (2004) ‘Pathways to Self-esteem in Late Adolescence: The Role of Parent and Peer Attachment, Empathy, and Social Behaviours’, Journal of Adolescence, Vol. 27, pp. 703-716.
Markides, K., Nikita, S. and Rangou, E. (1978) Lysi: Social Change in a Cypriot Village. Nicosia: Zavallis Press.
Markus, H.R. and Kitayama, S. (1991) ‘Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion and Motivation’, Psychological Review, Vol. 98, No. 2, pp. 224-253.
Matsuoka, N., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Chen, Z., Shikai, N., Kishida, Y. and Kitamura, T. (2006) ‘Adolescents’ Attachment Style and Early Experiences: A Gender Difference’, Archives of Women’s Mental Health, Vol. 9, pp. 23-29.
Mavratsas, C. (1992) ‘The Greek and Greek-Cypriot Economic Ethos: A Sociocultural Analysis’, The Cyprus Review, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Fall), pp. 7-43.
Pantke, R. and Slade, P. (2006) ‘Remembered Parenting Style and Psychological well-being in Young Adults whose Parents had Experienced Early Child Loss’, Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory, Research, and Practice, Vol. 79, pp. 69-81.
Park, L.E., Crocker, J. and Mickelson, K.D. (2007) ‘Attachment Styles and Contingencies of Self-worth’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 30, pp. 1243-1254.
Parker, G. and Lipscombe, P. (1979) ‘Parental Characteristics of Jews and Greeks in Australia’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 13, pp. 225-229.
Parker, G., Tupling, H. and Brown, L. (1979) ‘A Parental Bonding Instrument’, British Journal of Medical Psychology, Vol. 52, pp. 1-10.
Passmore, N.L., Fogarty, G.J., Bourke, C.J. and Baker-Evans, S.F. (2005) ‘Parental Bonding and Identity Style as Correlates of Self-esteem among Adult Adoptees and Non-adoptees’, Family Relations, Vol. 54, pp. 523-534.
Peristianis, N. (2004) ‘Religious, Ethnic and Gender Factors affecting Sexuality’ in Francoeur, R. and Noonan, R. (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Sexuality. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, pp. 280-296.
Peristiany, J. (1965) Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Rosenberg, M. (1965) Society and the Adolescent Child. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Salsali, M. and Silverstone, P.H. (2003) ‘Low Self-esteem and Psychiatric Patients: Part II - The Relationship between Self-esteem and Demographic Factors and Psychosocial Stressors in Psychiatric Patients’, Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry, Vol. 2, No. 3.
Schmitt, D.P. and Allik, J. (2005) ‘Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-specific Features of Global Self-esteem’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 89, pp. 623-642.
Schwartz, S.H. (1994) ‘Beyond Individualism-collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values’ in Kim, U., Triandis, H.C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S.C. and Yoon, G. (eds.), Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 85-119.
Sroufe, L.A. (2005) ‘Attachment and Development: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study from Birth to Adulthood’, Attachment and Human Development, Vol. 7, pp. 349-367.
Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (2007) Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Trzesniewski, K.H., Donnellan, M.B. and Robins, R.W. (2003) ‘Stability of Self-esteem across the Life Span’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 84, pp. 205-220.
van IJzendoorn, M.H. and Kroonenberg, P.M. (1988) ‘Cross-cultural Patterns of Attachment: A Metaanalysis of the Strange Situation’, Child Development, Vol. 59, pp. 147-156.
Wilhelm, K. and Parker, G. (1990) ‘Reliability of the Parental Bonding Instrument and the Intimate Bond Measure Scales’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 24, pp. 199-202.
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“Relations Between Peer Attachment, Self-Esteem, and Perceived Parental Bonding in Greek Cypriot and British Young Adults”. 2018. Cyprus Review 22 (1): 61-77. https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/182.